IJRPHR is an open access, peer-review journal, devoted to nurture the traditional medicines through reverse pharmacology concepts and implementing it to health care system through health research methods.
show more..
International Journal of Reverse Pharmacology and Health Research (IJRPHR) will give best paper award in every issue.
click Here to download
Name :
Tharshanodayan NJQ
Affliation :
Email :
Sage Theraiyar, Neerkuri, Neerilivunoi
Siddha urinary diagnostic method Neerkuri
in
NJQ
Tharshanodayan?1, P Rohini2
?1
PG Scholar, Department of Gunapadam, Government Siddha Medical College,
ABSTRACT
Siddhars viewed every disease under the roof of
diagnostic techniques, finding the root causes, clinical features and
treatment
methodologies. In Siddha system Sage Theraiyar who lived 350 years ago
has worked out a detailed procedure of urine examination, which
includes study
of its Niram (color), Nirai (density), Naatram
(odor), Nurai
(froth) and Enjal (volume decrease)
and oil drop spreading pattern em of medicine, diagnosis of the disease
is
based on Ennvagaithervukal
(Eight-fold examination), in which NeerkkuriNeikkuri
(Urine examination) is one among them. This study aims to validate the Neerkuri on the Neerilivunoi
mentioned in Siddha
texts.Neerilivu is one of the Kapha diseases propounded by Siddhars. It affects all the Keelnokkukaal (Vatham) and Sapthathaathukal.
In Pararaasaseharam (Fifth Part)
diabetes
is called as losing water, water related disease and sweet urine in Siddha medicine and it is characterized
by frequently passing hot urine, passing foamy urine like a pearl
(drop) of
fresh honey in the water, and this is an incurable disease. From the parallel analysis,
the scriptures of Sage Theraiyar
about the signs in a
urinary examination closely correlate with diabetes mentioned in the
modern
medical literature.
Key
words: Sage Theraiyar, Neerkuri, Neerilivunoi
Siddha
system is a way of life morally and ethically founded upon and
instituted by Siddhars to attain
ultimate aim of
reaching bliss. Siddhars viewed
every
disease under the roof of diagnostic techniques, finding the root
causes,
clinical features and treatment methodologies.A good diagnosis can make
a good
treatment protocol in any disease (1). In Siddha system of medicine, diagnosis of
the disease is based on Ennvagai thervukal
(Eight-fold
examination), in which NeerkkuriNeikkuri
(Urine examination) is one among them. It is an effective and sensitive
measure
for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases (2). Siddhars out of their supernatural
wisdom have bestowed in this
world, many wonderful remedies for myriad type of ailments. But then,
they did
not stop with that, they have also devised and propounded the
diagnostic
procedures with the sources of technology and tools at their disposal.
The methodology
of diagnosing is based on eight fold examinations which involve the
examination
of pulse, tactile perception, tongue, color and complexion, speech,
eyes,
stools, urine. Of all these parameters, Urine examination has gained
paramount
importance next only to Pulse examination. Sage
Theraiyar who lived 350 years ago has worked out a detailed
procedure of
urine examination, which includes study of its color, smell, density,
quantity
and oil drop spreading pattern (3). This
study aims to
validate the Neerkuri on the Neerilivunoi mentioned in Siddha
texts. A Siddha literature TheraiyarNeerkuri
and Neikuri, illustrated the method
to collect the urine sample from the patients to perform the Neerkuri test.
Urine shall be
collected in the early morning in the Padigapaathiram
(Crystal vessel) and examined within 90 minutes. On the day before
collection
of urine, the patients shall have the diet containing balanced six
tastes and
consume up to his appetite level at the regular time. In more severely
ill
patients, above criteria is not to be applied during the collection of
urine
and could be done instantly. The collected urine sample would be
examined for
five parameters such as Niram
(color), Nirai (Density), Naatram (odor), Nurai
(Froth) and Enjal
(Volume decrease) (4).
Characteristics
of diabetes in Siddha medicine
The disease Neerilivu
is called by different names,
Mathumeham, Salarogam, Mihuneer,
Vehumooththiram, Inippuneer, Mehaneer, Theanneerand diabetes.
Neerilivu is one of the Kapha
diseases propounded by Siddhars. It
affects all the Keelnokkukaal (Vatham)
and Sapthathaathukal. On the international basis this had
affected many people. At the beginning only the rich became victims to
this disease
but now it affects both the rich and the poor (13).
In the following
causes and signs which are seen to the Siddha
correspondence of diabetes are described. The description is based on Siddha texts and as such follows the
principles of Siddha medical theory.
In
Pararaasaseharam (Fifth Part)
diabetes
is called as losing water, water related disease and sweet urine in Siddha medicine and it is characterized
by frequently passing hot urine, passing foamy urine like a pearl
(drop) of
fresh honey in the water, and this is an incurable disease (5).
It is grouped within the polyuria related conditions of
which there are
20 types. These are categorized into three groups: fire (6 types), wind
(4
types), and water related polyuria conditions (10 types). Moreover, diabetes is
considered as one of the
wind related polyuria related condition (13), (14).
Causes
of diabetes
Consumption of ghee (semifluid
butter), curd, and milk (which increase the coolness of the body),
consumption
of meat, not applying oil on the body, excessively walking in the sun,
and
excessive sexual intercourse with woman are considered to be causes of
diabetes.
Consuming excess or dearth food (eating disorder), having meals at
irregular
times (irregular eating), excess consumption of ghee and milk and
excessive
consumption of sour foods. Also having excessive sexual intercourse
with a
woman and excessively walking in the sun during summer may cause
diabetes(6).
In books; “Siddha Maruthuvam, Yuki
vaidya
Sinthamani, and Pararajasekaram
the following symptoms are cited for this disease, excessive excretion
of
urine, collection of ants and flies in places where a person passes
urine, loss
of physical strength exhaustion of body, dry mouth etc.
Further in the same books the following have
been quoted as the causes of this disease (13).
Signs
of diabetes
The signs of diabetes include feeling
laziness, excessive sweating, body odour, always wanting to sleep, dry
tongue,
grease formation on tongue, sweet taste in mouth, desiring to consume
cold
drinks and foods, dry chest and throat, rapid growth of hair and nail,
and ants
and flies gather around the urine (5). The
signs mentioned in Segarasasegaram
text are somewhat
different and include burning sensation in the stomach, paleness of
body skin,
weight loss, consciousness loss, dry tongue, feeling thirsty, excessive
urination during the night (nocturia), difficulty in walking, blurred
vision on
humid, foggy, and rainy days, excessive urination, and feeling
depressed. Another
set of signs is described including
burning sensation in the stomach, sweating, difficulty in walking,
blurred
vision, wanting to quench thirst by drinking buttermilk and coconut
water, loss
of appetite, dry tongue, body ache, passing clear and foamless urine
during day
and night, extreme pain, ear congestion, and unable to fall asleep
(insomnia) .urine
with properties of coconut water during the night, dry tongue, feeling
thirsty,
body weakness, laziness are seen as signs and may cause death (6).
Types of diabetes in Siddha medicine 24
types of neerilivu (what according to the textbook
is considered to be diabetes
are distinguished and further divided into seven categories. These
categories
are based on the impact the basic elements have on the human body and
the types
are identified based on the taste and odour of the urine. The seven
categories
are:
1. Wind associated diabetes – Vaathaneerilivu
including three types. The urine can be characterized by:
An odour of Mangiferaindica
L. (Anacardiaceae) flower and sour taste, or an odour
of Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae)
flower and sour-bitter taste.
2. Wind-fire associated diabetes – Vaathapiththaneerilivu
including four types. The urine can be characterized by:
An odour of Curcuma longa L. rhizome
(Zingiberaceae) and sour-bitter taste, an odour of Nerium
oleander L. (Apocynaceae) flower and sweet-pungent
bitter-sour-astringent
taste, An odour of milk and buttery taste, and
An
odour of brain odour and
bitter taste.
3. Fire associated diabetes – Piththaneerilivu
including three types. The urine can be characterized by:
An
odour of fruit juice and bitter taste, a
salty odour and taste, and an odour of Jasminumsambac
(L.) Aiton(Oleaceae) flower and
producing a burning sensation when urinating
4.
Fire-wind associated diabetes – piththavaathaneerilivuincluding
two types. The urine can be characterized by: An
odour of cow urine and astringent taste
and Anodour of Santalum album L. (Santalaceae) wood and
peppery taste.
5. Water associated diabetes – Siletpananeerilivuincluding
four types. The urine can be characterised by: An
odour of Pandanusodorifer (Forssk.)
Kuntze
(Pandanaceae) flower- cow manure-lemon-blood and sweet taste.
6. Water-fire associated diabetes – Siletpanapiththaneerilivu
including four types. The urine can be characterized by:
An odour of Magnolia
champaca (L.) Baill.ex
Pierre (Magnoliaceae) flower, a taste like Syzygiumcumini(L.)
Skeels
(Myrtaceae) fruit, a bad odour and a bitter-sour taste as well as ants
gathering
around the urine, and An odour of slaked lime
(calcium hydroxide)
and producing a burning sensation (similar to the one caused by lime
(calcium
oxide) when urinating.
7. Water-wind associated diabetes – Siletpanavaathaneerilivu.
The urine can be characterized by:
A
strong odour and sour taste. (7).
Diabetes
complications like in Medical biology
Diabetes complications have been
reported in Siddha medicine. Some
of
the complications include lower abdominal pain, tiredness after
urinating, flatulence,
increased deficiency in sperm secretion, sperm in urine, general body
weakness,
loss of appetite, abscess formation, diarrhea, unconsciousness, and
death (7).
DISCUSSION
Colour
(Niram) of urine
Whitish
changes in urine,
Crystal clear white urine is suggestive of extreme kabam,
Sage Theran.
Pale white and
clear urine due to reduction of warmth in body indicates incurable
nature of
illness. Urine with mucous discharge and whitish in colour denotes the kaphadosha due to excess heat. Milky
white (shayaneer)-destruction of
marrow and possibility of wasting disease. Semen like urine –
highly depleted kaphadosha and
disturbance of all doshas.Urine
with no sediment –
incurable disease.Urine like milk or butter milk – incurable
disease.Urine
resembling washings of spoiled meat – bad functioning of
kidneys and depletion
of blood and kapha. The dense urine
with the consistency like melted ghee indicates Neerilivu(8).
The patient may not survive; if at
all they survive, it is like a person drowned in sea coming back alive.
“Diabetes is a condition characterized by excessive thirst
and excretion of
large amounts of severely diluted urine, caused by a deficiency of the
anti-diuretic
hormone (9).
Density
(Nirai) of urine
If
the voided urine is denseless and clear it
is due to excessive Kabam or due to
melting of the Kabam, Sage Theran(8).
“Diabetes is a condition characterized by excessive thirst
and excretion of
large amount of severely diluted urine, caused by an insensitivity of
the
kidneys to ADH. Urine analysis demonstrates dilute urine with a low
specific
gravity” (10).
Odour(Naatram) of urine
Gee smell,
Cow urine smell, Raw meat washed water smell and toddy smell indicates
possibility of diabetes. disease of muscle or adipose tissue
(8).
Sweet or fruity smelling urine may be due to ketones. Ketones are
formed when
the body burns fat for fuel, and this can occur when there is not
enough
insulin to move glucose in to cells for energy (12).
Neerilivu is one of the Kapha diseases propounded by Siddhars. It affects all the Keelnokkukaal (Vatham) and Sapthathaathukal, this disease could be easily diagnosed by eight-fold examination. Neerkuri is a tool to elicit the disease Diabetes. Based on the Neerkuri examination observed as finding, this showed the involvement of Kapha and Vatha in the pathogenesis of Neerilivu. From the above parallel analysis, it is clear that the scriptures of Sage Theraiyar about the signs in a urinary examination closely correlate with that of the urinary manifestation of signs in diabetes mentioned in the modern medical literature. The urinary signs and symptoms of the medical conditions mentioned in modern literature have already been scientifically validated. Therefore, the Sage Theraiyar’s signs and symptoms of urinary examination following the close lines of modern medical literature automatically stands validated. So it is the need of the hour to focus on this precious urinary diagnostic tool Neerkuri. Further researches are yet to be done in the field of Siddha diagnostic methods, particularly Neerkuri which will help us in better understanding of disease conditions.
REFERENCES
1.
Shanmughavelu
M(2003), NoiNaadalNoimudhalNaadalpartI.thirdedition.Chennai: Kanan
press pvt
ltd.
2.
FasilaBanu
S et al (2017), A Study on Siddha Urinary Diagnostic Methodology
Neerkkuri and
Neikkuri in AdhirathaAzhutham (Hypertension), Int J Pharmacol and Clin
Sci.2017;6(1):6-14.
3.
Shanmugavelan
R (2005), TheranAruliseithaSiruNeerkuriSodhanai 3rd Edition Thanjavur:
SarasvatiMahal Library.
4.
Janani
L et al (2016), Neerkuri by sage theraiyar - a review on siddha way of
urine
examination in the light of contemporary clinical methods,
International
Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 4(4):80-82.
5.
Anonymous
(2003),Pararasaseharam (Fifth Part) - Pararaasaseharam
(AinthaamPaaham)). Niyanthree
Publication, Nallur, Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
6.
Anonymous
(2000),Seharaasasehara Treatment - SeharaasaseharaVaiththiyam).
Provincial
Department of Indigenous Medicine, Ministry of Health north and east
Provinces.
7.
Sithamparthanuppillai,
S., 1982. Disorder Explanation ( NoiVilakkam). Chennai: Siddha Medicine
Book
Research Centre. [In Tamil].
8.
RamachandiranS.P
,(2000), theraiyarneerkurivaithyam (chennai: thamarainoolagam
9.
G.s.
gerber, c.b. brendler(2007) evaluation of urologic patient; history,
physical
examination and the urinalysis -walsh urology. 9th ed. (philadelphia:
saunderselsevier;).
10.
S. Baldasseroni, c. Opasich, m.
Gorini, d. Lucci et al (2002), left bundle
branch block is associated with increased first year sudden and total
mortality
rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: a report from
the
italian network on congestive heart failure, american heart journal
143(3):
398-405.
11.
Shanmugarubini s et al(2017), analysis of
disease by neerkuri
and neikuri, siddha research , independence day special issue
12.
Melissa
Conrad Stoppler( 2018)Urine odor: symptoms and signs, Medicine net.
13.
Kumuthaeranjan
T (2013), The Assessment of the Curing effect of MathumehaChooranam on
those
Affected by Mathumeka Disease, International Journal of Scientific and
Research
Publications, Volume 3, Issue 1, ISSN 2250-315
14.
KuppusamyMuthaliyar
K N (2004), PothuMaruthuvam ,6th edition
Published Indian medicine and Department
of
Homoeopathy,Chennai 106 ,Pages 509-513
Siddha urinary diagnostic method Neerkuri
in
NJQ
Tharshanodayan?1, P Rohini2
?1
PG Scholar, Department of Gunapadam, Government Siddha Medical College,
ABSTRACT
Siddhars viewed every disease under the roof of
diagnostic techniques, finding the root causes, clinical features and
treatment
methodologies. In Siddha system Sage Theraiyar who lived 350 years ago
has worked out a detailed procedure of urine examination, which
includes study
of its Niram (color), Nirai (density), Naatram
(odor), Nurai
(froth) and Enjal (volume decrease)
and oil drop spreading pattern em of medicine, diagnosis of the disease
is
based on Ennvagaithervukal
(Eight-fold examination), in which NeerkkuriNeikkuri
(Urine examination) is one among them. This study aims to validate the Neerkuri on the Neerilivunoi
mentioned in Siddha
texts.Neerilivu is one of the Kapha diseases propounded by Siddhars. It affects all the Keelnokkukaal (Vatham) and Sapthathaathukal.
In Pararaasaseharam (Fifth Part)
diabetes
is called as losing water, water related disease and sweet urine in Siddha medicine and it is characterized
by frequently passing hot urine, passing foamy urine like a pearl
(drop) of
fresh honey in the water, and this is an incurable disease. From the parallel analysis,
the scriptures of Sage Theraiyar
about the signs in a
urinary examination closely correlate with diabetes mentioned in the
modern
medical literature.
Key
words: Sage Theraiyar, Neerkuri, Neerilivunoi
Siddha
system is a way of life morally and ethically founded upon and
instituted by Siddhars to attain
ultimate aim of
reaching bliss. Siddhars viewed
every
disease under the roof of diagnostic techniques, finding the root
causes,
clinical features and treatment methodologies.A good diagnosis can make
a good
treatment protocol in any disease (1). In Siddha system of medicine, diagnosis of
the disease is based on Ennvagai thervukal
(Eight-fold
examination), in which NeerkkuriNeikkuri
(Urine examination) is one among them. It is an effective and sensitive
measure
for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases (2). Siddhars out of their supernatural
wisdom have bestowed in this
world, many wonderful remedies for myriad type of ailments. But then,
they did
not stop with that, they have also devised and propounded the
diagnostic
procedures with the sources of technology and tools at their disposal.
The methodology
of diagnosing is based on eight fold examinations which involve the
examination
of pulse, tactile perception, tongue, color and complexion, speech,
eyes,
stools, urine. Of all these parameters, Urine examination has gained
paramount
importance next only to Pulse examination. Sage
Theraiyar who lived 350 years ago has worked out a detailed
procedure of
urine examination, which includes study of its color, smell, density,
quantity
and oil drop spreading pattern (3). This
study aims to
validate the Neerkuri on the Neerilivunoi mentioned in Siddha
texts. A Siddha literature TheraiyarNeerkuri
and Neikuri, illustrated the method
to collect the urine sample from the patients to perform the Neerkuri test.
Urine shall be
collected in the early morning in the Padigapaathiram
(Crystal vessel) and examined within 90 minutes. On the day before
collection
of urine, the patients shall have the diet containing balanced six
tastes and
consume up to his appetite level at the regular time. In more severely
ill
patients, above criteria is not to be applied during the collection of
urine
and could be done instantly. The collected urine sample would be
examined for
five parameters such as Niram
(color), Nirai (Density), Naatram (odor), Nurai
(Froth) and Enjal
(Volume decrease) (4).
Characteristics
of diabetes in Siddha medicine
The disease Neerilivu
is called by different names,
Mathumeham, Salarogam, Mihuneer,
Vehumooththiram, Inippuneer, Mehaneer, Theanneerand diabetes.
Neerilivu is one of the Kapha
diseases propounded by Siddhars. It
affects all the Keelnokkukaal (Vatham)
and Sapthathaathukal. On the international basis this had
affected many people. At the beginning only the rich became victims to
this disease
but now it affects both the rich and the poor (13).
In the following
causes and signs which are seen to the Siddha
correspondence of diabetes are described. The description is based on Siddha texts and as such follows the
principles of Siddha medical theory.
In
Pararaasaseharam (Fifth Part)
diabetes
is called as losing water, water related disease and sweet urine in Siddha medicine and it is characterized
by frequently passing hot urine, passing foamy urine like a pearl
(drop) of
fresh honey in the water, and this is an incurable disease (5).
It is grouped within the polyuria related conditions of
which there are
20 types. These are categorized into three groups: fire (6 types), wind
(4
types), and water related polyuria conditions (10 types). Moreover, diabetes is
considered as one of the
wind related polyuria related condition (13), (14).
Causes
of diabetes
Consumption of ghee (semifluid
butter), curd, and milk (which increase the coolness of the body),
consumption
of meat, not applying oil on the body, excessively walking in the sun,
and
excessive sexual intercourse with woman are considered to be causes of
diabetes.
Consuming excess or dearth food (eating disorder), having meals at
irregular
times (irregular eating), excess consumption of ghee and milk and
excessive
consumption of sour foods. Also having excessive sexual intercourse
with a
woman and excessively walking in the sun during summer may cause
diabetes(6).
In books; “Siddha Maruthuvam, Yuki
vaidya
Sinthamani, and Pararajasekaram
the following symptoms are cited for this disease, excessive excretion
of
urine, collection of ants and flies in places where a person passes
urine, loss
of physical strength exhaustion of body, dry mouth etc.
Further in the same books the following have
been quoted as the causes of this disease (13).
Signs
of diabetes
The signs of diabetes include feeling
laziness, excessive sweating, body odour, always wanting to sleep, dry
tongue,
grease formation on tongue, sweet taste in mouth, desiring to consume
cold
drinks and foods, dry chest and throat, rapid growth of hair and nail,
and ants
and flies gather around the urine (5). The
signs mentioned in Segarasasegaram
text are somewhat
different and include burning sensation in the stomach, paleness of
body skin,
weight loss, consciousness loss, dry tongue, feeling thirsty, excessive
urination during the night (nocturia), difficulty in walking, blurred
vision on
humid, foggy, and rainy days, excessive urination, and feeling
depressed. Another
set of signs is described including
burning sensation in the stomach, sweating, difficulty in walking,
blurred
vision, wanting to quench thirst by drinking buttermilk and coconut
water, loss
of appetite, dry tongue, body ache, passing clear and foamless urine
during day
and night, extreme pain, ear congestion, and unable to fall asleep
(insomnia) .urine
with properties of coconut water during the night, dry tongue, feeling
thirsty,
body weakness, laziness are seen as signs and may cause death (6).
Types of diabetes in Siddha medicine 24
types of neerilivu (what according to the textbook
is considered to be diabetes
are distinguished and further divided into seven categories. These
categories
are based on the impact the basic elements have on the human body and
the types
are identified based on the taste and odour of the urine. The seven
categories
are:
1. Wind associated diabetes – Vaathaneerilivu
including three types. The urine can be characterized by:
An odour of Mangiferaindica
L. (Anacardiaceae) flower and sour taste, or an odour
of Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae)
flower and sour-bitter taste.
2. Wind-fire associated diabetes – Vaathapiththaneerilivu
including four types. The urine can be characterized by:
An odour of Curcuma longa L. rhizome
(Zingiberaceae) and sour-bitter taste, an odour of Nerium
oleander L. (Apocynaceae) flower and sweet-pungent
bitter-sour-astringent
taste, An odour of milk and buttery taste, and
An
odour of brain odour and
bitter taste.
3. Fire associated diabetes – Piththaneerilivu
including three types. The urine can be characterized by:
An
odour of fruit juice and bitter taste, a
salty odour and taste, and an odour of Jasminumsambac
(L.) Aiton(Oleaceae) flower and
producing a burning sensation when urinating
4.
Fire-wind associated diabetes – piththavaathaneerilivuincluding
two types. The urine can be characterized by: An
odour of cow urine and astringent taste
and Anodour of Santalum album L. (Santalaceae) wood and
peppery taste.
5. Water associated diabetes – Siletpananeerilivuincluding
four types. The urine can be characterised by: An
odour of Pandanusodorifer (Forssk.)
Kuntze
(Pandanaceae) flower- cow manure-lemon-blood and sweet taste.
6. Water-fire associated diabetes – Siletpanapiththaneerilivu
including four types. The urine can be characterized by:
An odour of Magnolia
champaca (L.) Baill.ex
Pierre (Magnoliaceae) flower, a taste like Syzygiumcumini(L.)
Skeels
(Myrtaceae) fruit, a bad odour and a bitter-sour taste as well as ants
gathering
around the urine, and An odour of slaked lime
(calcium hydroxide)
and producing a burning sensation (similar to the one caused by lime
(calcium
oxide) when urinating.
7. Water-wind associated diabetes – Siletpanavaathaneerilivu.
The urine can be characterized by:
A
strong odour and sour taste. (7).
Diabetes
complications like in Medical biology
Diabetes complications have been
reported in Siddha medicine. Some
of
the complications include lower abdominal pain, tiredness after
urinating, flatulence,
increased deficiency in sperm secretion, sperm in urine, general body
weakness,
loss of appetite, abscess formation, diarrhea, unconsciousness, and
death (7).
DISCUSSION
Colour
(Niram) of urine
Whitish
changes in urine,
Crystal clear white urine is suggestive of extreme kabam,
Sage Theran.
Pale white and
clear urine due to reduction of warmth in body indicates incurable
nature of
illness. Urine with mucous discharge and whitish in colour denotes the kaphadosha due to excess heat. Milky
white (shayaneer)-destruction of
marrow and possibility of wasting disease. Semen like urine –
highly depleted kaphadosha and
disturbance of all doshas.Urine
with no sediment –
incurable disease.Urine like milk or butter milk – incurable
disease.Urine
resembling washings of spoiled meat – bad functioning of
kidneys and depletion
of blood and kapha. The dense urine
with the consistency like melted ghee indicates Neerilivu(8).
The patient may not survive; if at
all they survive, it is like a person drowned in sea coming back alive.
“Diabetes is a condition characterized by excessive thirst
and excretion of
large amounts of severely diluted urine, caused by a deficiency of the
anti-diuretic
hormone (9).
Density
(Nirai) of urine
If
the voided urine is denseless and clear it
is due to excessive Kabam or due to
melting of the Kabam, Sage Theran(8).
“Diabetes is a condition characterized by excessive thirst
and excretion of
large amount of severely diluted urine, caused by an insensitivity of
the
kidneys to ADH. Urine analysis demonstrates dilute urine with a low
specific
gravity” (10).
Odour(Naatram) of urine
Gee smell,
Cow urine smell, Raw meat washed water smell and toddy smell indicates
possibility of diabetes. disease of muscle or adipose tissue
(8).
Sweet or fruity smelling urine may be due to ketones. Ketones are
formed when
the body burns fat for fuel, and this can occur when there is not
enough
insulin to move glucose in to cells for energy (12).
Neerilivu is one of the Kapha diseases propounded by Siddhars. It affects all the Keelnokkukaal (Vatham) and Sapthathaathukal, this disease could be easily diagnosed by eight-fold examination. Neerkuri is a tool to elicit the disease Diabetes. Based on the Neerkuri examination observed as finding, this showed the involvement of Kapha and Vatha in the pathogenesis of Neerilivu. From the above parallel analysis, it is clear that the scriptures of Sage Theraiyar about the signs in a urinary examination closely correlate with that of the urinary manifestation of signs in diabetes mentioned in the modern medical literature. The urinary signs and symptoms of the medical conditions mentioned in modern literature have already been scientifically validated. Therefore, the Sage Theraiyar’s signs and symptoms of urinary examination following the close lines of modern medical literature automatically stands validated. So it is the need of the hour to focus on this precious urinary diagnostic tool Neerkuri. Further researches are yet to be done in the field of Siddha diagnostic methods, particularly Neerkuri which will help us in better understanding of disease conditions.
REFERENCES
1.
Shanmughavelu
M(2003), NoiNaadalNoimudhalNaadalpartI.thirdedition.Chennai: Kanan
press pvt
ltd.
2.
FasilaBanu
S et al (2017), A Study on Siddha Urinary Diagnostic Methodology
Neerkkuri and
Neikkuri in AdhirathaAzhutham (Hypertension), Int J Pharmacol and Clin
Sci.2017;6(1):6-14.
3.
Shanmugavelan
R (2005), TheranAruliseithaSiruNeerkuriSodhanai 3rd Edition Thanjavur:
SarasvatiMahal Library.
4.
Janani
L et al (2016), Neerkuri by sage theraiyar - a review on siddha way of
urine
examination in the light of contemporary clinical methods,
International
Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 4(4):80-82.
5.
Anonymous
(2003),Pararasaseharam (Fifth Part) - Pararaasaseharam
(AinthaamPaaham)). Niyanthree
Publication, Nallur, Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
6.
Anonymous
(2000),Seharaasasehara Treatment - SeharaasaseharaVaiththiyam).
Provincial
Department of Indigenous Medicine, Ministry of Health north and east
Provinces.
7.
Sithamparthanuppillai,
S., 1982. Disorder Explanation ( NoiVilakkam). Chennai: Siddha Medicine
Book
Research Centre. [In Tamil].
8.
RamachandiranS.P
,(2000), theraiyarneerkurivaithyam (chennai: thamarainoolagam
9.
G.s.
gerber, c.b. brendler(2007) evaluation of urologic patient; history,
physical
examination and the urinalysis -walsh urology. 9th ed. (philadelphia:
saunderselsevier;).
10.
S. Baldasseroni, c. Opasich, m.
Gorini, d. Lucci et al (2002), left bundle
branch block is associated with increased first year sudden and total
mortality
rate in 5517 outpatients with congestive heart failure: a report from
the
italian network on congestive heart failure, american heart journal
143(3):
398-405.
11.
Shanmugarubini s et al(2017), analysis of
disease by neerkuri
and neikuri, siddha research , independence day special issue
12.
Melissa
Conrad Stoppler( 2018)Urine odor: symptoms and signs, Medicine net.
13.
Kumuthaeranjan
T (2013), The Assessment of the Curing effect of MathumehaChooranam on
those
Affected by Mathumeka Disease, International Journal of Scientific and
Research
Publications, Volume 3, Issue 1, ISSN 2250-315
14.
KuppusamyMuthaliyar
K N (2004), PothuMaruthuvam ,6th edition
Published Indian medicine and Department
of
Homoeopathy,Chennai 106 ,Pages 509-513