Poovarasan et al

*¹PG Scholar, ²Professor & Head of the Department, Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai, Tamilnadu, India

Purified Ferroso Ferric Oxide (Mandooram) is being used in Siddha system of Medicine for curing anaemia , amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, chlorosis, diarrhoea, chronic bowel complaints, dyspepsia, intestinal worms, nervous diseases, trigeminal neuralgia, albuminuria, kidney diseases,etc. thus is no adverse effect during the use of this drug so far.

Physio-chemical parameters, preliminary tests, tests for Acid Radicals, Tests for Basic Radicals and Other constituents with international parameters.

The chemical analysis also will helpful to find out the other heavy metals and unwanted compounds project in the Mandooram from this analysis the active pharmacological and toxic compounds may be identified.

The physio-chemical analysis shows that some chemical compounds disappeared after purification. So the purification. Process of raw drug applied applied in Siddha system of medicine is essential before drug preparation.This study will be altered to further research in Mandooram.

Ferroso Ferric Oxide(Mandooram) occurs as the mineral magnetite in the form of magnetic, black or red-black crystals. It is prepared by passing steam over red-hot iron. It is prepared from iron rest consisting of small particles of iron (or) forge scales. Scattered round the black smith’ s anvil, when hot iron is beaten on it. These by exposure to air become rusty brittle. Then they are considered fit for use.

Purified Mandooram is being used in Siddha system of Medicine for curing anaemia , amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, chlorosis, diarrhoea, chronic bowel complaints, dyspepsia, intestinal worms, nervous diseases, trigeminal neuralgia, albuminuria, kidney diseases,etc. thus is no adverse effect during the use of this drug so far.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Natural Mandooram were properly collected from country merchant shop, Nagarcoil and Animal & Mineral origin Drug Research Laboratory (AMDRI) of Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai has authentication certified that the above raw materials were genuine one according to the physical and chemical nature of the compound.

Powdered Mandooram is taken in a pot and add four parts of Tamarind leaves and eight parts of water.This mixture is boiled for 3 hours and then the powder is washed and dried in sunlight. Tamarind leaves are removed.

The Mandooram is is grinded and put into a pot. Eight parts of cow's urine is added into the pot and boiled upto the cow's urine disappeared. Then the Mandooram is washed with fresh water and is dried in sunlight.

Reference : Gunapadam Thadhu Jeeva Vagupu, Dr.R.Thiyagarajan L.I .M, Page.no108,Edition 1952.Publication- Chennai.

In this research , only analysis the physico, chemical and qualitative bio-chemical analysis only comparative with both Unpurified Mandooram in Biochemistry Laboratory , Department of Biochemistry , Govt.Siddha Medical College , Tirunelveli and VS Clinical Research and Hospital Private LTD.,Taramani,Chennai.

2 to 3 g of drug was weighed in the pre weighed and tared Gooch crucible was kept in the muffle furnace at a temperature not exceeding 450ºC until free from carbon then cooled and weighed and the percentage of the total ash content were calculated with reference to the air dried drug.

The ash obtained from total ash was boiled with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid for 5 minutes and insoluble matter were collected in an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited to constant weight. Later the percentage of the acid insoluble ash content was calculated with reference to the air dried drug.

The ash obtained from total ash content was boiled with 25 ml of water for 5 minutes and insoluble matter were collected in an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignite for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450ºC the weight of the insoluble matter were subtracted from the weight of the ash. The difference in weight represents the water soluble ash and the percentage of the water soluble ash content were calculated with reference to the air dried drug.

5g of coarsely powdered air dried drug was macerated with 100ml of absolute alcohol in a closed flask for twenty-four hours, shaken frequently during six hours and allowed to stand for eighteen hours. After filtering the solution 25ml of this filtrate was evaporated in a tared flat bottomed shallow dish, and dried at 105ºC until a constant weight was obtained. Later the percentage of alcohol-soluble extractive with reference to the air-dried drug was calculated.

5g of coarsely powdered air dried drug was macerated with 100ml of chloroform-water in a closed flask for twenty-four hours, shaken frequently during six hours and allowed to stand for eighteen hours. After filtering the solution 25ml of this filtrate was evaporated in a tared flat bottomed shallow dish, and dried at 105ºC until a constant weight was obtained. Later the percentage of water-soluble extractive with reference to the air-dried drug was calculated.

5 g of the drug without preliminary drying was weighed accurately in a tared evaporating dish, dried at 105ºC for 5 hours, cooled in dessicator and weighed. Later the drying and weighing process was continued at one hour interval until difference between two successive weighing of sample corresponds to not more than 0.25 percent. When the constant weight was obtained the percentage of moisture content were calculated with reference to the air dried drug.

5gm of unpurified Mandooram (M1) and purified Mandooram (M2) were taken in a 250ml of clean beaker and 50ml of distilled water was added to it. Then it was boiled well for about 10 min. Then it is allowed to cool and filtered in a 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to 100ml with distilled water. This preparation is used for the qualitative analysis of acidic/ basic radicals and biochemical constituents in it.

Color-(Sandy)was unpurified Mandooram and (Dark Black)was purified Mandooram. Unpurified Mandooram was odourless and purified Mandooram was Smoky smell. Unpurified mandooram was tasteless and purified mandooram was salty taste. Moisture Content (Loss on Drying)unpurified Mandooram was 2.05% and purified Mandooram was 3.50%. Both of the Mandoorams Total Ash was 0% Ash content Alcohol soluble extractive unpurified Mandooram was 1.76% and purified Mandooram was 2.03%. Water soluble extractive of unpurified Mandooram was 1.22% and purified Mandooram was 0.32%. pH of unpurified Mandooram was 7.06 and purified Mandooram was 7.13.

EXPERIMENTS

Observation

Inference

Test for Lead:

2 ml of the extract was added

with 2 ml

No Yellow precipitate

formed

No Yellow precipitate

formed

Indicates the

absence of

Lead

Indicates the

absence of

Lead

Test for Copper

One pinch(50mg) of substance was made into paste with con.HCL in watch glass and introduced into the non-luminuous part of the flame

Blue colour precipitate

was not

formed

Blue colour precipitate

was not

formed

Indicates the

absence of

Copper

Indicates the

absence of

Copper

Test for Aluminium:

In the 2 ml of extract dil. Sodium hydroxide was added in 5 drops

to excess

Yellow colour

Not formed

Yellow colour

Not formed

Indicates the

absence of

Aluminium

Indicates the

absence of

Aluminium

Test for Magnesium

In 2 ml of extract dil. Sodium hydroxide

solution was added in drops to excess

White precipitate

not formed

White precipitate

not formed

Indicates the

absence of

Magnesium

Indicates the

absence of

Magnesium

Test for Ammonium:

In 2ml of extract 1 ml of Nessler’s

reagent and excess of dil. Sodium

hydroxide solution were added

Brown colour

not formed

Brown colour

not formed

Indicates the

absence of

Ammonium

Indicates the

absence of

Ammonium

Test for Potassium:

A pinch (25mg) of substance was

treated with 2 ml of dil. Sodium

nitrite solution and then treated with

2 ml of dil. cobalt nitrate in 30% dil. glacial acetic acid

Yellowish precipitate

not formed

Yellowish precipitate

not formed

Indicates the

absence of

Potassium

Indicates the

absence of

Potassium

Test for Sodium

2 pinches (50mg) of the substance

was made into paste by using HCL and introduced into

the blue flame of Bunsen burner

Yellow colour

flame not appeared

Yellow colour

Flame not appeared

Indicates the

absence of

Sodium

Indicates the

absence of

Sodium

Test for Mercury

2ml of the extract was treated with 2ml of dil. sodium hydroxide solution

Yellow precipitate

Not Formed

Yellow precipitate

Not Formed

Indicates the

absence of

Mercury

Indicates the

absence of

Mercury

Test for Arsenic

2ml of the extract was treated with 2ml of dil. sodium hydroxide solution

Brownish red

precipitate not

formed

Brownish red

precipitate not

formed

Indicates the

absence of

Arsenic

Indicates the

absence of

Arsenic

Test for Ferric Iron:

The extract is acidified with glacial acetic acid and potassium ferro cyanide

No blue Colour is Formed

No blue Colour is formed

Absence of Ferric Iron

Test for Ferrous iron:

The extract is treated with concentric nitric acid ammonium thiocynide solution.

Blood red colour is formed

Indicates the Presence of Ferrous Iron

In the preliminary test for this both Mandooram performed were same in action of heat by carbonate, and Ash test by Sodium as presence of elements. Flame test were same by copper as absence in both sample of Mandooram . Test for silicate,Chloride,Ferrous iron,were performed presence was found in both unpurified Mandooram and purified Mandooram.

In test for acid radicals were same in both unpurified and purified Mandooram in specially; nitrate, sulphide, fluoride & oxalate and nitrite. But test for Sulphate and Unsaturated compounds were performed presence in purified Mandooram and absence in unpurified Mandooram.

In test for basic radicals were found same result in both of Mandooram as absences of lead, copper, magnesium, ammonium, potassium and Arsenic and presence of Sodium and Mercury.

It is concluded as; that the aim of research is to find out the any physiochemical changes occur in the purification process of Mandooram as per Siddha literature. The physiochemical analysis shows that some chemical compounds presence after purification like silicate, Sulphate and unsaturated compounds. So, the purification process of raw drug applied in siddha system of medicine is essential for before drug preparation. This study will be alerted to further research in Mandooram.

The author would like to express appreciation to Asst. Professor Dr. M. Johnson, Director, Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai for provide facilities of bio chemical analysis in their Laboratory.

1.Protocol for testing of ayurvedic, siddha & unani medicines, Government of India,Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,Pharmacopoeial laboratory for indian medicines, ghaziabad.

2. A, Ashwini & Kerur, Basavaraj. (2017). Estimation of heavy and trace elements in ayurvedic drug (loha bhasma) alternative medicine for anemia by aas and

icp-oes. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy.8. 81-85. 10.7897/2277-4343.085249.

3. Dr. R. Thiyagarajan, L.I.M., Gunapadam Thathu - Jeeva Vahuppu, Part II and III, 8^thEd, Published by Department of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, Chennai. 2013;p.108.

4.Ramachandiran.S.P, Sirorathna vaithiya pooshanam,1^stEd-1896, Reprint Ed-1996, Published by Thamarai noolagam;p.30

5. Dr. Nadkarni. K. M, Indian Materia Medica, , 3^rdEdition, 1993, Vol I and II; Published by Popoular Prakash Private LTD; p.62.

6. Darrell Ebbling, General chemistry,11^th Ed, 2016, Published by Cengage Learning; p.153

7. Dr. Kupuswamy Mudhaliyar, K. N. H.P.I.M.,Siddha Maruthuvam Pothu , Published by Department of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, Chennai. 2012; p.345-352.

8. Vaithiya Rathinam Murugesha Mudhaliyar .K. S., Gunapadam Mooligai Vahuppu, Part I, 9^thEd ,Published by Department of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, Chennai., 2013;p.696.

9. Dr. Somasundharam. S., M.Sc., M.Phil, E.S.M.P., Ph.D.,Maruthuva Thavaraviyal, Part I, 5^thEd, Published by Elangovan Publishers, 2009.

11. Sembulingam .K. Ph.D and Prema Sembulingam Ph.D, Essentials of Medical Physiology, 5^thEdition, 2010., Published by JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers; p.49-150.

12.Sir Stanley Davidson’s, Principals and Practice of Medicine, 22 ^ndEdition, Published by Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; p.1021-1023.

S. No	EXPERIMENTS	Observation		Inference
S. No	EXPERIMENTS	M1	M2	M1	M2
1	Test for Nitrate: 01gm of the substance was heated with copper turning and concentrated H2SO4 and viewed the test tube vertically down.	Brown gas was not evolved	Brown gas was not evolved	Indicates the absence of Nitrate.	Indicates the absence of Nitrate.
2	Test for Sulphide : 1 gm of the substance was treated with 2ml of con.HCL.	Rotten egg smell was not evolved	Rotten egg smell was not evolved	Indicates the absence of Sulphide	Indicates the absence of Sulphide
3	Test for Fluoride & Oxalate: 2ml of extract was added with 2ml of dil. Acetic acid and 2 ml dil. Calcium chloride solution and heated.	Absence of Cloudy appearance.	Absence of Cloudy appearance	Indicates the absence of Fluoride & Oxalate	Indicates the absence of Fluoride & Oxalate
4	Test for Nitrite: 3 drops of the extract was placed on a filter paper, on that 2 drops of dil. acetic acid and 3drops of dil. Benzidine solution were placed	No Characteristic changes appeared	No Characteristic changes appeared	Indicates the absence of Nitrite	Indicates the absence of Nitrite
5	Test for Sulphate: 2ml of the extract is added to 5% barium chloride solution	No white precepitate is formed	A white precepitate is formed	Absence of Sulphate	Indicates the Presence of Sulphate
6	Test for Chloride: The extract is treated with silver nitrate solution	A white precepitate is formed	A white precepitate is formed	Indicates the Presence of Chloride	Indicates the Presence of Chloride

EXPERIMENTS	Observation		Inference
EXPERIMENTS	M1	M2	M1	M2
Test for the Alkaloids a)2 ml of the extract is treated with 2 ml of dil. potassium Iodide solution b)2ml of the extract is treated with 2ml of dil. Picric acid	Reddish brown precipitation not formed Yellow precipitation not formed	Reddish brown precipitation not formed Yellow precipitation not formed	Indicates the absence of Alkaloids Indicates the absence of Alkaloids	Indicates the absence of Alkaloids Indicates the absence of Alkaloids
Test for Unsaturated Compounds Potassium permanganate solution is added to the extract	It does not get decolourised	It gets decolourised	Indicates the Absence of unsaturated compounds	Indicates the Presence of unsaturated compounds

Test performed	Results
Sample	M1	M2
Color	Sandy	Dark black
Odour	Odourless	Smoky smell
Moisture Content (Loss on Drying)	2.05%	3.50%
Total Ash	0%	0%
Acid Insoluble Ash	-	-
Water soluble Ash	-	-
Alcohol soluble extractive	1.76%	2.03%
Water soluble extractive	1.22%	0.32%
Ph	7.06	7.13