SINGLE HERB THERAPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIARRHOEA IN SIDDHA PERSPECTIVE- A REVIEW
Dr.G.Mohana Prabha(1), Dr.M.Suguna(1), Dr.P.Arul jothi(1),Dr.G.Dhineshraman(1), Dr.S.Sundararajan (2)
1. PG scholars, Department of Noi-Naadal, Government Siddha medical College and Hospital, Palayamkottai.
2. Lecturer, Department of Noi-Naadal, Government Siddha medical College and Hospital, Palayamkottai.
ABSTRACT:
According to WHO, Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequently than in normal for the individual. Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old. It is both preventable and treatable. Each year diarrhoea kills around 52500 children under five. Globally there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrheal disease every year. Siddha system focusses on treating this disease by nature gifted herbal preparations, Herbo-mineral combination drugs, Metallic preparations based on intensity and duration of the disease. This review paper is a collection work of easily available herbal preparations in the management of diarrhoea from classical siddha literatures.Herbal single drug therapies (Yega Mooligai prayogam) for the management of diarrhoea are better discussed along with their common action, Parts used, Taste, and Potency, How they alleviate Thoda kutram (humoral derangement) of the illness.
KEYWORDS:
Diarrhoea, Kazichal, Yega mooligai prayogam, Single herb therapy
INTRODUCTION:
The land of Tamilnadu is known to be the land of Siddhars and their Divine Medicalsystem, Siddhamedical system dealt with crucial and fundamental human problems, the prevention of disease, the extension of lifespan, the prediction of catastrophic changes in the environment, above all spiritual advancement of humanity, the system believes that the human body is replica of universe, the disturbance in the equilibrium of the three humors causes the disease.
According to siddha systemHealing is always about sensing the nature of a person and not just calculating the symptoms of the body, The sages illustrated their messages using legendary characters and composed verses in a cryptic and symbolic language. They also have revealed remedies for present day problems, related to personality disorders, stress, incurable diseases etc. diarrhoea is one of the most common health complaints.
According to WHO, Diarrhoea is defined as the passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequently than in normal for the individual. It is usually a symptom of gastrointestinal infection, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. Infection is spread through contaminated food person to person as a result of poor hygiene, severe diarrhoea leads to fluid loss and may be life threatening, particularly in young children and people who are malnourished or have impaired immunity.
Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old. It is both preventable and treatable. Each year diarrhoea kills around 52500 children under five. Globally there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrheal disease every year. Diarrhoea is a leading cause of malnutrition children under five years old.
DIARRHOEA – SIDDHA PERSPECTIVE:
According to siddha system diarrhoea may correlate with Perunkazhichal noi, has been classified into 8 types.
Other types of kazhichal:
Siddhars speaks numerous remedies solving these types of human problems. The medicinal knowledge remains unsurpassed in the entire world. Plant based remedies have been used with various degree of success for the management of Diarrhoea.
Table 1. Single herbs in the management of kazhichal:
TAMIL NAME |
BOTANICAL NAME |
ENGLISH NAME |
FAMILY |
Adaiotti |
Pupalia orbiculata |
Forest burr |
Amaranthaceae |
Kadazhalinjal |
Salacia reticulata |
Salaretin |
Celastraceae |
Kadalai |
Cicer arietinum |
Bengal gram |
Fabaceae |
Karkadagasingi |
Rhus succedanea |
Gall |
Anacardiaceae |
Kaatamanakku |
Jatropha curcas |
Nuting of purging |
Euphorbiaceae |
Pannaikirai |
Celosia argentea |
Cock’s comb greens |
Amaranthaceae |
Pulliyarai |
Oxalis corniculata |
Indian sorrel |
Oxalidaceae |
Kudasapalai |
Hollarrhena antidysentrica |
Kurchi |
Apocynaceae |
Kunthirikam |
Boswellia serrata |
Indian frankincense |
Burseraceae |
Kollu kaivelai |
Tephrosia purpurea |
Purple tephrosia |
Fabaceae |
Devatharu |
Cedrus deodara |
Himalayan cedar |
Pinaceae |
Nathaisoori |
Spermacoce hispidia |
Shaggy button weed |
Rubiaceae |
Naaval |
Syzygium cumini |
Jambul |
Myrtaceae |
Nilakumizh |
Gmelina asiactica |
Asian bushbeech |
Laminaceae |
Table 2. Actions of the herbs used in the treatment of diarrhoea:
HERBS |
PARTS USED |
POTHU SEIGAI(ACTION) |
Adaiotti |
Leaves, fruit |
Astringent Demulcent |
Kadazhalinjal |
Bark |
Astringent Demulcent |
Kadalai |
Whole plant |
Astringent |
Karkadagasingi |
____ |
Astringent Tonic Nutritive Digestive Expectorant Stimulant Cholagogue |
Kaatamanakku |
Root bark |
__ |
Pannaikirai |
Flower |
Astringent Demulcent |
Pulliyarai |
Leaves |
Astringent Refrigerant Stomachic |
Kudasapalai |
Bark |
Stomachic Febrifuge Anthelmintic |
Kunthirikam |
Resin |
Astringent Refrigerant Stomachic Diaphoretic Diuretic Emmenagogue Expectorant |
Kollu kaivelai |
Bark |
Nutritive |
Devatharu |
Bark |
Astringent Refrigerant |
Nathaisoori |
Seeds |
Cooling Demulcent |
Naaval |
Bark |
Astringent |
Nilakumizh |
Leaves, bark |
Alterative Demulcent Aromatic |
Methods of using herbsin thein the management of diarrhoea:
1. Pupalia orbiculata- Leaves and barks are grinded with water and can be given to stop diarrhoea.
2. Salacia reticulata- Bark decoction checks diarrhoea.
3. Cicer arietinum- 5 to 10ml of Kadalai Pullipu can be given internally with water.
4. Rhus succedena- 280 -650mg of seed powder can be given.
5. Jatropha curcas- Root bark along with asafoetida powder with butter milk to stop diarrhoea.
6. Celosia argentea- Flower decoction or seed powder with milk is used to stop diarrhoea.
7. Oxalis corniculata- 15to 30ml of leaf extract can be given.
8. Hollarhena antidysentrica – 15-30ml of bark decoction trice a day
9. Boswella serrata -130mg to 1300mg of resin powder can be prescribed.
10. Tephrosia purpurea- bark decoction stops diarrhoea.
11. Cedrus deodara- bark decoction stops diarrhorea.
12. Spermacoce hispidia- 2 to 4gms of seed legium twice a day.
13. Syzygium cumini-Root extract or bark decoction can be used to arrest diarrhoea.
14. Gmelina asiactica – Root powder grinded with water and can be given internally to arrest diarrhoea.
Table- 3:
Concepts of thirithodam in the management of diarrhoea by the herbs:
S.NO |
HERBS |
SUVAI |
THANMAI |
PIRIVU |
SAMANAPADUTHUM KUTRAM (ALLEVATING THODAM) |
1. |
Adaiotti |
Astringent |
Seetham (coolant) |
Sweet |
Kabam |
2. |
Kadazhalinjal |
Astringent |
Seetham (coolant) |
Pungent |
Kabam |
3. |
Kadalai |
Sweet |
Seetham (coolant) |
Sweet |
Vatham |
4. |
Karkadagasingi |
Astringent |
Veppam (Heat) |
Pungent |
Kabam |
5. |
Kaatamanakku |
Astringent |
Veppam (Heat) |
Pungent |
Kabam |
6. |
Pannaikirai |
Sweet, sour |
Seetham (coolant) |
Sweet |
Vatham |
7. |
Pulliyarai |
Sour |
Sweet |
Vatham |
|
8. |
Kudasapalai |
Astringent, bitter |
Veppam (Heat) |
Sweet |
Kabam |
9. |
Kunthirikam |
Bitter |
Veppam (Heat) |
Pungent |
Kabam |
10. |
Kollu kaivelai |
Pungent |
Veppam (Heat) |
Pungent |
Kabam |
11. |
Devatharu |
Astringent |
Veppam (Heat) |
Pungent |
Kabam |
12. |
Nathaisoori |
Sweet, Astringent |
Seetham (coolant) |
Sweet |
Vatham, Kabam |
13. |
Naaval |
Astringent |
Seetham (coolant) |
Pungent |
Kabam |
14. |
Nilakumizh |
Astringent, bitter |
Seetham (coolant) |
Sweet |
Kabam |
Most of the herbs used in the treatment of Diarrhoea has the
· Taste- Astringent
Table- 4. Herbs used in the treatment of kuruthi kazhichal (dysentric diarrhoea)
TAMIL NAME |
BOTANICAL NAME |
ENGLISH NAME |
FAMILY |
Perichu |
Phonex dactylifera |
Date palm |
Arecaceae |
Kasakasa |
Papaver somniferum |
Opium poppy |
Papaveraceae |
Karunkaali |
Acacia catechu |
Black catachu |
|
Kaatathi poo |
Woodfordica fruticosa |
Fire-flame bush |
Lythraceae |
Kattu karuvappattai |
Cinnamomum iners |
Bark wild cinnamom |
Laraceae |
Kaanam vazhai |
Commelina benghalensis |
Blue spider wort |
Commelinaaceae |
Paarchori keerai |
Ruellia secunda |
__ |
__ |
Keerai thandu |
Amaranthus gangeticus |
Tota kura |
Amaranthaceae |
Keezhkainelli |
Phyllanthus amarus |
Indian phyllanthus |
__ |
Neitharkizhangu |
Nymphaea pubescens |
White water lily |
Nymphaeaceae |
TABLE- 5: Herbs used in the treatment of Seetha kazhichal (Mucous Diarrhoea):
TAMIL NAME |
BOTANICAL NAME |
ENGLISH NAME |
FAMILY |
Athi |
Ficus racemosa |
Country fig |
Moraceae |
Anthara thamarai |
Pistia stratiotes |
Water -lettuce |
Araceae |
Avarai |
Lablab purpureus |
Indian butter bean |
Fabaceae |
Aagasakarudan |
Corallocarpus epigaeus |
Bryoms |
Cucurbitaceae |
Aalivithai |
Lepidium sativum |
Garden cress |
Brassicaceae |
Isappucol |
Plantago ovate |
Seeds of spongel |
Plantaginaceae |
Ilavanga pattai |
Cinnamomum verum |
Bark of cinnamom |
Lauraceae |
Mul illavu |
Bombex malabaricum |
Red silk cotton tree |
malvaceae |
Uruthirasattai |
Ocimum basilicum |
Sweet basil |
Lamiaceae |
Thettran |
Strychnos potatorum |
Clearing nut tree |
Loganiaceae |
Table- 6. Herbs used in the Treatment of Seriya kazhichal (Diarrhoea due to Indigestion)
TAMIL NAME |
BOTANICAL NAME |
ENGLISH NAME |
FAMILY |
Azhinjil |
Alangium salifolium |
Sage leaced alangium |
Coranaceae |
Inji |
Zingiber officinale |
Green ginger fresh |
Zingiberaceae |
Usilamaram |
Albizia odoratissima |
Black siris |
Fabaceae |
Utthamani |
Pergularia daemia |
Dog’s bane white low |
Ascelpidaceae |
Ommam |
Carum copticum |
Bishops weed |
Apiaceae |
Kadarpaasi |
Gracilaria lichenoides |
Ceylon moss |
Gracilariaceae |
Kaththa kambu |
Uncaria gambir |
Gambier |
Rubiaceae |
Kamugu |
Areca catechu |
Betal nut palm |
Arecaceae |
Kaattu vagai |
Albizzia campestris |
Sirissa tree |
Fabaceae |
Kaalan |
Agaricus campestris |
White agaric |
Agaricaceae |
DISCUSSION:
In siddha system perunkazhichal noi mostly caused by derangement of vatham (abanan and uthanan) which leads to indigestion, abdominal flatulence and acceleration of bowel movements. Most of the herbs used to treat diarrheal disease has astringent taste and impact on regulating vatha and kaba humors, which support to recast bowel movements and reduce other symptoms. In other types of kazhichal pitha humor also gets deranged leading to derangement of 7 udal thathukkal.
CONCLUSION:
Siddha medicine deals with several herbs for treating acute and chronic infections.in this review Single herbal drug therapies for the management of diarrhoea were elaborately discussed. These information will be useful in therapeutic approach of diarrhoea.
Acknowledgement:
Our sincere thanks to Head of the department, Faculties of Noi-Naadal department for their immense support and encouragement. We extend our thanks to Dr.K.Hina Firdouse, Dr.S.Kavitha of Government Siddha Medical College and Hospital, Palayamkottai.
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