The Spectroscopicanalysis of Siddha Drug Kadukkai Chooranam

Ajanthan.R*1,Manoharan.A2

1PG Scholar, Department of  Maruthuvam, GSMC, Palayamkottai, Tamilnadu, India

2Professor, Head of the Department, Department of PothuMaruthuvam, GSMC, Palayamkottai,Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

Background:   The Kadukkai is a one of the main ingredient in triphala chooranam ,for the long period kadukkai is used separately and compound preparation was used in siddha system. The various collections of siddha literatures found kaddukkai is a good antioxidant, antimicrobial and Hypoglycemic  activities.kaddukkaichoornam (kc) is separatly used in siddha system, for treated anemia  and diabetic dyslipidemic state. So, standardization of herbal drug kc is very essential to proved the efficacy and avoid toxicity for long term use.ln this study attempt is to revalidate the pharmacological process of preparation of kc,  which have been discussed about modern spectroscopic characterization and elemental quantification of Kadukkaichooranam(kc).

Objective: To found the morphology and chemical characterization of the herbal plant formulation of Kadukkai Chooranam.

Methods: The KC is determined by qualitative and quantitative modern  analytical methods such as phytochemistry,SEM,XDR and FTIR.The analytical study of kc by using SEM, and found the trace elements by applied Energy dispersive X-ray analysis instrumented successfully detect Functional Group of kc through FTIR study .The above study is compared WHO guidance and correlation with  the results.

Results:  The  aboveresults foundthe  minimum and maximum average Particle Sizes between 101 μm to 1115μm in 10 µm view and 107 μm to 1244μm in 100 µm respectively. The further kc is  mostly presence of Nitro compounds, alkenes, alcoholic compounds and trace elements like Zinc,Selenium,Calcium,Potassium and Magnesium.

Conclusion: The Kadukkaichooranam is scientifically proved to prolonged  usage. All the scientific data showed permissible limitations,which it is correlated by who guidelines. The phytochemical  analysis  also performed, the results showed kc is contain phenols,flavonoids and tannic acid.so,kc is safer and for using longer period.

Keywords: Kadukkai, Kadukkaichooranam, Siddha Medicine,instrument,phytochemistry

Introduction

Siddha (Gunapadam) Materiamedicais classified into three main categories,the preparatory source is received from  herbal, mineral and animal origin's. The form of Siddha medicine is divided into 32 internal and32 external types medicine, most of them herbal-mineral combination drugs. The Kadukkaichooranam[1] is an Internal medicine comes under the Chooranam  types of Medicines. Kadukkai is a Combretaceae family, which is used in Siddha and Traditional medicine  for constipation, chronic diarrhoea,  gastric ulcer, gastroenteritis, asthma, cough, dyspnoea, dyspepsia, haemorrhoids, Candidiasis, parasites, malabsorption syndrome, Hepatomegaly, renal calculi, urinary discharge, tumours, skin disease, memory loss, epilepsy, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, anorexia and wounds( Nadkarni, K.M., 1976)[2].

According to the World Health organization the herbal medicines have been defined as those containing plant parts or plant materials in raw state or processed form (Krishnan, K.S., 1998) [3] containing active principles, are to be considered a important form and ensured to follow the Protocol for drug research in traditional system of medicine(Cha S. Potential anticancer medicinal plants) [4]. The Siddha system of medicine encompasses around 600 medicinal plants is described in siddha materiamedica(GunapadamMooligaivaguppu)[1]. From the abundant source of herbal preparations in different formulations are practiced in ten decades. So, it must be ensured that the quality of the drugs should not be compromised, the efficacy of the drugs should be maximized, the adverse effects should be minimized when prepared it in a absolute protocol as mentioned by the literatures[5].

The structural characterization of the herbal drugs is need of the hour and the objective is to establish the elemental and structural characteristics of Kadukkai chooranam. Although, many research works has done in the herbal drugs as well as in Terminalia chebula (Sarita.M.Kapgate et al. 2016), so far haven’t performed any standardization, structural standardization parameters in traditionally purified form of Kadukkaichooranam[1].   The Spectroscopic  analysis of the KC was performed various analytical experiment like SEM, EDAX, FTIR,(WHO/EDM/TRM/2000)[6].should be established for the herbal drug for standardization process. The major advantage of  this study is ensure the standardization of KC and clinical potential of indigenous drugs
MATERIALS AND METHODS

The “Kadukkaichooranam” is mentioned in several Siddha literature “GunapadamMooligaivaguppu Part -1”is indicated for Mega disorder (Diabetes), Burning sensation of upper and lower limbs( Poly neuropathy), liver diseases and anaemia[1]. In various journal reviwed Terminalia chebula is an Antioxidant(Sarmistha Saha etal,2014), AntiHyperglycemic(Naiamolu Kotesswara Rao, 2006 )Antimicrobial (Golam   MOSTAFA.M et al. 2011)  actvities.

Geographical distribution of kadukkai

It was distributed in chiefly in deciduous forests and areas of light rainfall, but occasionally in moist forests, up to about 1500 meter  throughout India(Gamble JS,1935). Abundant in northern India; also  in Bihar, West Bengal, Assam.

Collection and identification of drug

The sample is bought in traditional raw herbal drugs shop in Madurai,Tamilnadu. It was authenticated by faculties of Department of Medicinal Botany and Department of Gunapadam, Government Siddha Medical College and Hospital Palayamkottai.  APurified kadukkai was used in this study .The following experiment was carried out and recorded for discussion.

 Scanning electron microscopic study (SEM)

Scanning electron microscopy is a complementary technique and shows the nature of kadukkaichooranam and its particle size(Bruneton,J., 1995. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants) [7].Sample for SEM analysis were mounted on the specimen  using carbon adhesive sheet. Small sample were mounted with 1sq. cm glass slide And kept in carbon adhesive sheet. Samples were coated with gold to a thickness of 100 AO using Hitachi vacuum evaporator. Coated sample were analysed in a Hitachi Scanning electron Microscope 3000 H model.

Elemental analysis by EDAX

EDAX is a used for multiple sampling in various parts of the plant and can also provide information from an area of fewer manometers. This is very useful to characterize the crystals and other inclusions like trace elements present in the given sample KadukkaiChooranam( World Health Organization, Geneva, 2007) [8].

Fourier Transform – Infra Red Spectroscopy Study (FTIR)

The  FT-IR Spectrometer was carried out inKBr Pellet  methods (Sathyanarayana B,2011) About 1/8th of the solid powder of Kadukkaichooranam was taken on a microspatula and about 0.25-0.50 teaspoons of KBr was added and thoroughly ground in an agate mortar with the pestle until Kadukkaichooranam became very fine. It was placed in a pellet die. The sample was pressed at 5000-10,000 psi and the sample was removed carefully from the die and placed in the FTIR sample holder( Chattopadhyay, R.R. and S.K. Bhattacharyya, 2007) [10]. The computer was turned on and the software was launched and certain fine details of the working method were done. The sample was placed on Zn,Se crystal with a spatula until the pressure marker showed. The  values are recorded.

Results and Discussion

The results of Scanning electron microscope in two different view and EDAX Trace elements profile & FT-IR data has compiled as follows,

Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis

The SEM picture (Fig.No.1) is under 1.00 KX resolution and the examining area of 800x800μm2 surface were taken for the samples (Saraf ASamant A 2013) . The surface of the sample is marked with cluster arrangement and in agglomerates form (Bruneton, J., 1995)[11]. The above SEM images showed average Particle Size ranges from 101 μm to 1115μm. In 100mu view, the surface of the sample grains is uniformly arranged in agglomerates. Particle Size ranges from 107 μm to 1244μm ( Figure No.2) and overall particles shape and angles are represented in Ferrets graph.

Figure 1. SEM image of Kadukkaisuranam of 10 µm view

Figure 2. SEM image of Kadukkaichooranam of 100 µm view

Elemental Quantification of Kandukkaichooranam by EDAX

            The elemental quantification of Kaddukaichooranam was done by  EDAX method (Kesarla Mohan kumar et al,).The overall trace elements like Calcium, potassium has almost 4.3%, 2.5% of Oxygen and Potassium, 2.5% Magnesium & Hydrogen as the major compounds  were found the results. Figure 3. Identification of trance elements through EDAX

 

Figure 4. Graaphical representation of EDAX profile of Kadukkai chooranam (in percentage)

Figure 5. FTIR Spectra of KadukkaiChooranam

Table 1. FTIR observed Peak value of Kadukkaichooranam

Wave number

(cm-1)

Vibration modes of sample in IR region

Intensity of the bond

Functional groups

1708.93

C=O Stretching

strong

conjugated aldehyde

1616.35

C=C stretching

Strong

α,β-unsaturated ketone

1535.34

N-O stretching

Strong

nitro compound

1450.47

C-H bending

Medium

Alkane

1336.67

S=O stretching

Strong

Sulphonamide

1205.51

C-O stretching

strong

alkyl aryl ether

1033.85

S=O stretching

Strong

Sulfoxide

873.75

C-Cl stretching

Strong

Halogen compounds

759.95

C=C bending

Strong

Alkene

518.85

C-Br bending

week

Alkyl

 

In FT-IR Spectra analysis, the specified drug Kadukkaichooranam has exhibits the FTIR Spectra values and peak value at 1708.93 has C=O Stretching , 1616.35 has C=C stretching, 1535.34 has N-O stretching, 1450.47 has C-H bending, 1336.67, 1205.51 has C-H bending, 1033.85 has S=O stretching, 873.75 has C-Cl stretching, 759.95 has C=C bending, 518.85 has C-Br bending.So,KC is contains conjugated aldehyde, α,β-unsaturated ketone, nitro compound, alkane, sulphonamide, alkyl aryl ether, sulfoxide, Halogen compounds, Alkene and Alkyl compounds were observed  respectively( Ahn, M.J., C.Y. Kim, J.S. Lee, T.G. Kim and S.H. Kim et al., 2002) [13].

Conclusion

            The kadukkaichooranam is minimum particle size.so, the absorption and bioavailability is higher  in the gut.KC is more qualitative in nature and used tohelp to overcome the lacunae in various siddhapreparatory medicine to be extended. KC is contained the presence of calcium, Potassium and magnesium .These above basic elements are need to maintain the human health. Minerals in high amount.KC is definitely help to assured safety, therapeutic efficacy and batch to batch uniformity.


References:

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2.      Nadkarni, K.M., 1976. Indian Material Medica. Popular PrakashanPvt. Ltd., Bombay, pp: 1202-1211.

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13.  Ahn, M.J., C.Y. Kim, J.S. Lee, T.G. Kim and S.H. Kim et al., 2002. Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by galloyl glucoses from Terminalia chebula and flavonol glycoside gallates from Euphorbia pekinensis. Plan9ta Medica, 68: 457-459.