The Spectroscopicanalysis of Siddha Drug
Kadukkai Chooranam
Ajanthan.R*1,Manoharan.A2
1PG
Scholar, Department of Maruthuvam, GSMC,
Palayamkottai, Tamilnadu, India
2Professor, Head of the
Department, Department of PothuMaruthuvam, GSMC, Palayamkottai,Tamilnadu, India
Background: The Kadukkai
is a one of the
main ingredient in triphala chooranam ,for the long period
kadukkai is used separately and
compound preparation was used in siddha system. The various collections of siddha literatures
found kaddukkai is a good antioxidant, antimicrobial and Hypoglycemic activities.kaddukkaichoornam (kc) is
separatly used in siddha system, for treated anemia and diabetic dyslipidemic state. So,
standardization of herbal drug kc is very essential to proved the efficacy and avoid
toxicity for long term use.ln this study attempt is to revalidate the
pharmacological process of preparation of kc,
which have been discussed about modern spectroscopic
characterization and elemental quantification of Kadukkaichooranam(kc).
Objective: To found the
morphology and chemical characterization
of the herbal plant formulation
of Kadukkai
Chooranam.
Methods: The KC
is determined by qualitative and quantitative modern analytical methods such as
phytochemistry,SEM,XDR and FTIR.The analytical study of kc by using
SEM, and found the trace
elements by applied Energy
dispersive X-ray analysis instrumented successfully detect Functional Group of kc through FTIR study .The above study is compared WHO guidance and correlation with the results.
Results: The aboveresults foundthe minimum and maximum average
Particle Sizes between 101 μm
to 1115μm in 10 µm view and 107 μm to 1244μm in 100 µm respectively. The further kc is mostly
presence of Nitro compounds, alkenes, alcoholic compounds and trace elements like Zinc,Selenium,Calcium,Potassium and Magnesium.
Conclusion: The Kadukkaichooranam is scientifically proved to prolonged
usage. All the scientific data showed permissible limitations,which it is correlated
by who guidelines. The phytochemical
analysis also performed, the
results showed kc is contain phenols,flavonoids and tannic acid.so,kc is safer
and for using longer period.
Keywords: Kadukkai, Kadukkaichooranam, Siddha
Medicine,instrument,phytochemistry
Introduction
Siddha (Gunapadam)
Materiamedicais
classified into three
main categories,the
preparatory source is received from herbal, mineral and animal origin's. The form
of Siddha medicine is divided into 32 internal and32 external types medicine,
most of them herbal-mineral
combination drugs.
The Kadukkaichooranam[1]
is an
Internal medicine comes under the Chooranam types of Medicines. Kadukkai is
a Combretaceae family, which is used in Siddha and
Traditional medicine for constipation,
chronic diarrhoea, gastric ulcer,
gastroenteritis, asthma, cough, dyspnoea, dyspepsia, haemorrhoids, Candidiasis,
parasites, malabsorption syndrome, Hepatomegaly, renal calculi, urinary
discharge, tumours, skin disease, memory loss, epilepsy, diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, anorexia and wounds( Nadkarni, K.M., 1976)[2].
According to the World Health organization
the herbal medicines have been defined as those containing plant parts or plant
materials in raw state or processed form (Krishnan, K.S., 1998) [3]
containing active principles, are to be considered a important form and ensured
to follow the Protocol for drug research in traditional system of medicine(Cha
S. Potential anticancer medicinal plants) [4]. The Siddha system of
medicine encompasses around 600 medicinal plants is described in siddha
materiamedica(GunapadamMooligaivaguppu)[1].
From the abundant source of herbal preparations in different formulations are
practiced in ten decades. So, it must be ensured that the quality of the drugs
should not be compromised, the efficacy of the drugs should be maximized, the
adverse effects should be minimized when prepared it in a absolute protocol as
mentioned by the literatures[5].
The structural characterization of the
herbal drugs is need of the hour and the objective is to establish the
elemental and structural characteristics of Kadukkai chooranam. Although, many research works has done in
the herbal drugs as well as in Terminalia
chebula (Sarita.M.Kapgate et al. 2016), so far haven’t performed any
standardization, structural standardization parameters in traditionally
purified form of Kadukkaichooranam[1]. The Spectroscopic analysis of the KC was performed various
analytical experiment like SEM, EDAX, FTIR,(WHO/EDM/TRM/2000)[6].should
be established for the herbal drug for standardization process. The major
advantage of this study is ensure the
standardization of KC and clinical potential of indigenous drugs
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
The “Kadukkaichooranam” is mentioned in several Siddha literature
“GunapadamMooligaivaguppu Part -1”is indicated for Mega disorder (Diabetes),
Burning sensation of upper and lower limbs( Poly neuropathy), liver diseases
and anaemia[1]. In various journal reviwed Terminalia chebula is an
Antioxidant(Sarmistha Saha etal,2014), AntiHyperglycemic(Naiamolu Kotesswara Rao, 2006 )Antimicrobial
(Golam MOSTAFA.M et al. 2011) actvities.
Geographical distribution of kadukkai
It was distributed in chiefly in deciduous
forests and areas of light rainfall, but occasionally in moist forests, up to
about 1500 meter throughout India(Gamble
JS,1935). Abundant in northern India; also
in Bihar, West Bengal, Assam.
Collection and identification of drug
The sample is bought in traditional
raw herbal drugs shop in Madurai,Tamilnadu. It was authenticated by faculties
of Department of Medicinal Botany and Department of Gunapadam, Government
Siddha Medical College and Hospital Palayamkottai. APurified
kadukkai was used in this study .The following experiment was carried
out and recorded for discussion.
Scanning electron microscopy is a complementary technique and shows
the nature of kadukkaichooranam and its particle size(Bruneton,J.,
1995. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants) [7].Sample
for SEM analysis were mounted on the specimen
using carbon adhesive sheet. Small sample were mounted with 1sq. cm
glass slide And kept in carbon adhesive sheet. Samples were coated with gold to
a thickness of 100 AO using Hitachi vacuum evaporator. Coated sample were
analysed in a Hitachi Scanning electron Microscope 3000 H model.
Elemental analysis by EDAX
EDAX is a used for multiple sampling in
various parts of the plant and can also provide information from an area of
fewer manometers. This is very useful to characterize the crystals and other
inclusions like trace elements present in the given sample KadukkaiChooranam(
World Health Organization, Geneva, 2007) [8].
Fourier Transform – Infra Red
Spectroscopy Study (FTIR)
The FT-IR Spectrometer was carried out inKBr
Pellet methods (Sathyanarayana B,2011)
About 1/8th of the solid powder of Kadukkaichooranam was taken on a
microspatula and about 0.25-0.50 teaspoons of KBr was added and thoroughly
ground in an agate mortar with the pestle until Kadukkaichooranam became very
fine. It was placed in a pellet die. The sample was pressed at 5000-10,000 psi
and the sample was removed carefully from the die and placed in the FTIR sample
holder( Chattopadhyay, R.R. and S.K. Bhattacharyya, 2007) [10]. The computer
was turned on and the software was launched and certain fine details of the
working method were done. The sample was placed on Zn,Se crystal with a spatula
until the pressure marker showed. The
values are recorded.
Results and Discussion
The results of Scanning electron microscope in two different
view and EDAX Trace elements profile & FT-IR data has compiled as follows,
Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis
The SEM picture
(Fig.No.1) is under 1.00 KX resolution and the examining area of 800x800μm2
surface were taken for the samples (Saraf ASamant A 2013) . The surface of the
sample is marked with cluster arrangement and in agglomerates form
(Bruneton, J., 1995)[11]. The above SEM images showed average Particle Size
ranges from 101 μm to 1115μm. In 100mu view, the surface of the sample grains
is uniformly arranged in agglomerates. Particle Size ranges from 107 μm to
1244μm ( Figure No.2) and overall particles shape and angles are represented in
Ferrets graph.
Figure 1. SEM image of Kadukkaisuranam of 10 µm view
Figure 2. SEM image of Kadukkaichooranam of 100 µm view
Elemental
Quantification of Kandukkaichooranam by EDAX
The elemental quantification of Kaddukaichooranam was done by
EDAX method (Kesarla Mohan kumar et al,).The overall trace
elements like Calcium, potassium has almost 4.3%, 2.5% of Oxygen and Potassium,
2.5% Magnesium & Hydrogen as the major compounds were found the results. Figure 3. Identification of trance elements through EDAX
Figure 4. Graaphical representation of EDAX profile
of Kadukkai chooranam (in percentage)
Figure 5. FTIR Spectra of KadukkaiChooranam
Table 1. FTIR observed
Peak value of Kadukkaichooranam
Wave
number (cm-1) |
Vibration
modes of sample in IR region |
Intensity of the bond |
Functional
groups |
1708.93 |
C=O
Stretching |
strong |
conjugated
aldehyde |
1616.35 |
C=C
stretching |
Strong |
α,β-unsaturated
ketone |
1535.34 |
N-O
stretching |
Strong |
nitro
compound |
1450.47 |
C-H
bending |
Medium |
Alkane |
1336.67 |
S=O
stretching |
Strong |
Sulphonamide |
1205.51 |
C-O
stretching |
strong |
alkyl
aryl ether |
1033.85 |
S=O
stretching |
Strong |
Sulfoxide |
873.75 |
C-Cl
stretching |
Strong |
Halogen
compounds |
759.95 |
C=C
bending |
Strong |
Alkene |
518.85 |
C-Br
bending |
week |
Alkyl |
In FT-IR Spectra analysis, the specified drug Kadukkaichooranam has exhibits the
FTIR Spectra values and peak value at 1708.93 has C=O Stretching , 1616.35 has
C=C stretching, 1535.34 has N-O stretching, 1450.47 has C-H bending, 1336.67,
1205.51 has C-H bending, 1033.85 has S=O stretching, 873.75 has C-Cl
stretching, 759.95 has C=C bending, 518.85 has C-Br bending.So,KC is contains
conjugated aldehyde, α,β-unsaturated ketone, nitro compound, alkane,
sulphonamide, alkyl aryl ether, sulfoxide, Halogen compounds, Alkene and Alkyl
compounds were observed respectively(
Ahn, M.J., C.Y. Kim, J.S. Lee, T.G. Kim and S.H. Kim et al., 2002)
[13].
Conclusion
The kadukkaichooranam is minimum particle
size.so, the absorption and bioavailability is higher in the gut.KC is more qualitative in nature and used
tohelp to overcome the lacunae in various siddhapreparatory medicine to be
extended. KC is contained the presence of calcium, Potassium and magnesium
.These above basic elements are need to maintain the human health. Minerals in
high amount.KC is definitely help to assured safety, therapeutic efficacy and
batch to batch uniformity.
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