IJRPHR is an open access, peer-review journal, devoted to nurture the traditional medicines through reverse pharmacology concepts and implementing it to health care system through health research methods.
show more..
International Journal of Reverse Pharmacology and Health Research (IJRPHR) will give best paper award in every issue.
click Here to download
Name :
Tharshanodayan NJQ
Affliation :
Email :
Nanjiyal, Akathiyarkulambu, Neelakandamathirai, Thalankai ennai
Determination
of the success of traditional toxicology practice
NJQ Tharshanodayan?1, P
Rohini 2
?1
PG Scholar, Department of Gunapadam, Government Siddha Medical college,
Abstract
Traditional medicine is an inexpensive, safe
and
culturally accepted medical system. The World Health Organization has
suggested
to practice traditional medicine. Currently Siddha,
Ayurveda, Unani and Deshiya sikitsai are practicing and
existing in Srilanka. Nanjiyal
(Toxicology) in Siddha system were consists
of plant,
metal and mineral toxins and animal’s venoms.
Traditional practitioners rarely practicing the Siddha toxicology in
northern
and eastern part of Srilanka. Dr.Mrs.K.
Thavamanidevi is a traditional
practitioner ,4th generation Reg 7111,
practicingVisakadi
vaithiyam (V.V). Focus is to assess the favorable
result through traditional toxicology practice. Data were
collected from
the practitioner orally and from the records which were maintained by
her.Akaththiyar kulambu, Neelakandan
maththirai
and Thalankaai ennai are using
in V.V
by the practitioner.
Out of 145 patients of both sex 13.1% of male and 17.24% of
female were highly affected
by scorpion
bite and 1.37% of male and 0.68% female were lessley
affected by the Snake bite. Taste of the
plants using in animal venom as
follows,
57% of bitter and 19% of astringent
. Actions
of plants as follows 13.04% of antidode action
and 10.1% of antiseptic action.According to the
study effective of the above mentioned plants and the preparations by
the
traditional practitioner are showing effective for animal venom
poisoning
methods as indicated by pharmacological action, taste of ingredients,
that are
using by the practitioner and also cured patients’ statistics
in various
poisonous bite. Studies like this may through new light to standardize
the
traditional toxicology practice.
Key
words: Nanjiyal, Akathiyarkulambu,
Neelakandamathirai, Thalankai ennai
Introduction
Traditional
medicine is an inexpensive, not expose to danger and culturally
accepted
medical system. Because of that, the World Health Organization (WHO)
was
suggested to practice traditional medicine in worldwide (1).
At this
moment in time Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani
and Deshiya sikitsai (Srilankan
Traditional medicine) are practicing in Srilanka (2).
Siddha system of medicine is Unique
to
Tamilnadu and northern and eastern part of Srilanka. For several
centuries, in
Tamil’s populated in rural areas traditional healing
practices happening. It
relies substantially on plant, herbal based medicines (3).
Nanjiyal (Toxicology) in Siddha
system
were made
up of two types poisons. They
are plant, metal and mineral toxins and animal’s venoms.
Venom having animals
are insects, scorpions, snakes, worms, rat and bees etc. The ancient
people
life was associated with jungle. To a greater extend of human being
were touched
by an animals and insects in their routine (4).
In past centuries siddha toxicology
was well established in Jaffna peninsula. Nowadays this tradition was
diminishing by poor skills and practices. Traditional healing, however,
may
have serious consequences in terms of delays or added complications. Nowadays
most affected patients access formal medical care, few patients only
use
traditional healers. The reasons for using traditional practitioners
include
difficulties with transportation, cost, inadequacy of ant venom in the
formal
health sector, and trust in traditional healing within the context of
longstanding tradition (5).
History
of toxicology in traditional medicine.
Thevarsand Asuraswere try to get amirtham, unfortunatelyit
processes produced visam. It is more different in character and shape. It
was
looks very bright and golden colour. The poison has shown
it’s like a fire in
eyes. After that, Barman destroyed them. Finally, the visam
associated in to some plants and animals. Three branches in Visakadi vaithiyam (Toxicology) are Nidanam,
Manthra and Sikitsai
(6), (7).
Traditional
toxicology knowledge is orally-transmitted, or transmitted through
imitation
and demonstration. The consequence is that writing it down changes some
of its
fundamental properties. Traditional knowledge is local. It is rooted to
a
particular place and set of experiences, and generated by people living
in
those places. The result of this is that transferring the traditional
toxicology practiceto other places runs the risk of dis-locating it.
characteristically shared to a much greater degree than other forms of
traditional
toxicology practiceknowledge. Therefore, it is sometimes called
`people’s
science’. Specialists may exist by virtue of experience with
traditional
toxicology practice(8). Now rarely few number of traditional practitioners
still
practicing in Siddha toxicology in
Northern
and Eastern part of Srilanka. Dr.
Mrs.Krishnamoorththi Thavamanidevi is a
traditional practitioner ,4th generation,
S.L.A.M.C Reg. No7111 (Visesa vaiththiyam).
She has been running her own clinic Velmurugan
Siddha Ayurveda hospital in Valanthalai junction,
Kaarainagar and another
in Vaddukoddai. She is treating average 7 to 10 patients per a day who
are
affected by animal venom.
Assess
the favorable
resultthrough traditional toxicology practice.
This is a cross sectional study.
This study was conducted from
28th
of September to 28th of December 2017 at Velmurugan
siddha ayurvedic Hospital,
Valanthalai junction, Kaarainagar and the permission was taken to
conduct the
above study from Dr.K. Thavamanidevi, who was the in-charge of
Velmurugan
siddha ayurvedic Hospital. Data were collected from the practitioner
orally and
got information from the records which were maintained by the
traditional
practitioner.
1. Akaththiyar Kulambu - Internal and external use
2. Neelakandan maaththirai –Internal use
3. Thaalangaai ennai - External use
Collection of prepared medicines which were used to treat the poisonous bite in traditional practice are Akaththiyar Kulambu, Neelakandan maaththirai and Thaalangaai ennai. Dosage ofAkaththiyar Kulambuwere varies from green gram size to coffee seed size. Should be taken in early morning empty stomach with rice water (Washed the red rice 2 time and get 2nd water). Salt, sour and oil should be avoided in this period. Use as an external application on affected area. Neelakandan maaththirai as an internal medicine.1-2 mathhirai with various anupanam, itwas decided by the practitioner. Thaalangaai ennai was used as an external application on affected area.
Herbs that were using in various poisonous bite as follows. Polygala elongateleave, Bryonia callosaleave, Aristolochia indicaroot, Polygala elongateleave and Musa paradisiacalstem were using internally for the snake bite. Bryonia callosa leave, Pavetta indica leave, Zingiber officinale rhizomes, Ocimum sanctum leaves, Gymnema sylvestre root, Pongamia pinata root, Aristolochia bracteolate whole plant andTrianthema decandra root were used for externally. Acalipha indicaleave,Daemia extensaleave, Indigofera tinctorialeave and root,Acalipha betulinaleave were using internally for the spiderpoison.Daemia extensaleaves and Pavetta indicaleaves were used for externally. Eclipta albawhole plant andIndigofera tinctorialeave were using in scorpion poisoning.Adenama hyssopifolialeaves andOcimum sanctumleaveswere used as an external purpose.Bambusa aurindinacialeave, Alangium salvifolium bark, Clitoria ternatearoot, Berberis aristataroot, Curcuma domesticarhizome andAcarus calamuswhole plant were using in rat scratch. Indigofera tinctoriaroot used in externally. Aristolochia bracteolateroot, Acalipha betulinaleaveOcimum sanctumleaves, Piper nigramseeds andIndigofera tinctoriaroot were using internally for the unknown bite.Acalipha indicaleaves, Curcuma domesticarhizome and Tamarindus indicusfruit were used as an external purpose.
Village
people were commonly affected by animal venom. All aged people without
any
differences were affected by the different poisonous animals. Among the
period
of study 145 patients came to get treatment for different poisonous
bite.
According
to the study Akaththiyar kulambu,
Neelakandan maththirai and Thalankaai ennaiwere plays a
major role in
treating Visakadi vaithiyam.
Practitioner commence the
treatment
with Akaththiyar
kulambu.
Whengiven Neelakandan
maththirai, giving different plants extracts for
different poisonous bite as a vehicle. practitioner was applying the Thalankaai ennai at the site of bite
then was fomented with steamed Vitex negundo(Nochchi) Pottani.
Finally apply the
various paste like aksthiyar
kulambu on the
site
of bite.
Out
of 145 patients of both sex 1.37% of male and 0.68% female were
affected by the
Snake bite , 14.48% of male and 11.72% of female were affected spider
stringe ,13.1%
of male and 17.24% of female were affected scorpion bite, 4.82% of male
and 6.89%
female were affected by rat scratch and 13.79% of male 15.86% of female
were
affected by rat scratch and 13.79% of male and 15.86% female were
affected by
unknown bite.
In
poisonous bite ,sucess of treatments
were evaluvated by using the characters of herbs in the treatment,
according to
the Murukesa mudaliyar and Gunapadam mooligai iyal part -1. If we see
the taste
and therapeutic action of the medicinal plants which were used as
Vehicle , 57%
was having bitter taste and 13.04 % was having antidode action.
Taste
of the plants using in animal venom
as
follows, 57% of bitter taste 19% of astringent taste , 24% of pungent
taste and
actions of plants as follows 8.69% of astringent and stimulant
action.13,04% of
antidode action , 10.1% of antiseptic action , 5.79% of expectorent ,
purgative
,antispasmodic and antiperiodic action , 7.24% of alterative Stomachic,
Tonic, analgesic
and carminative actions.
Contributions of Traditional practitioner Dr. Thavamanidevi , Velmurugan Siddha Ayurveda hospital is sincerely acknowledged for providing valuable knowledge and facility to carry out the work.
References1.
Chaudhury
RR, Herbal medicine for human health. World Health Organization Geneva,
New
Delhi: CBS publishers and distributors
LTD, 1999.
2.
Kamal Perera, Current scenario of herbal
medicine
in Sri Lanka (PDF Download Available)Availablefrom:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224771841_Current_scenario_of_herbal_medicine_in_Sri_Lanka,
2017.
3.
Anadhan
A R Et al. Special medicines in siddha, Department
of Indian medicine and Homoeopathy, Chennai 600106, 2009.
4.
Subhalakshmi
A, Thiruthani M. Centipede bite and its management – Over
view in Siddha
system, international journal of current research in
chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences, ISSN: 2348-5213:
DOI:10.22192/ijcrcps
Coden: IJCROO(USA) Volume 4, Issue 6, 2017.
5.
Sivasanmugaraja, S. IrupathaamNootrandilElaththilSiddhamaruththuvam,
SiddhamaruththuvavalarchiKalakam,
Kantharodai, Chunnakam,2000.
6.
Velummajilum S.S, Visakadi
Vaiththiya MuraikalumMoolikai
maruththuvankalum, Araththamil
Gnanam Vinaayakar tharma nithiyam, 1995.
7.
Munisamy
Mudaliyar. Visa vaiththiya sinthamani, The
progressive printers, South indian book depot, 1931
8.
Senanayake
S.G.J.N, Indigenous knowledge as a key to sustainable development.
Determination
of the success of traditional toxicology practice
NJQ Tharshanodayan?1, P
Rohini 2
?1
PG Scholar, Department of Gunapadam, Government Siddha Medical college,
Abstract
Traditional medicine is an inexpensive, safe
and
culturally accepted medical system. The World Health Organization has
suggested
to practice traditional medicine. Currently Siddha,
Ayurveda, Unani and Deshiya sikitsai are practicing and
existing in Srilanka. Nanjiyal
(Toxicology) in Siddha system were consists
of plant,
metal and mineral toxins and animal’s venoms.
Traditional practitioners rarely practicing the Siddha toxicology in
northern
and eastern part of Srilanka. Dr.Mrs.K.
Thavamanidevi is a traditional
practitioner ,4th generation Reg 7111,
practicingVisakadi
vaithiyam (V.V). Focus is to assess the favorable
result through traditional toxicology practice. Data were
collected from
the practitioner orally and from the records which were maintained by
her.Akaththiyar kulambu, Neelakandan
maththirai
and Thalankaai ennai are using
in V.V
by the practitioner.
Out of 145 patients of both sex 13.1% of male and 17.24% of
female were highly affected
by scorpion
bite and 1.37% of male and 0.68% female were lessley
affected by the Snake bite. Taste of the
plants using in animal venom as
follows,
57% of bitter and 19% of astringent
. Actions
of plants as follows 13.04% of antidode action
and 10.1% of antiseptic action.According to the
study effective of the above mentioned plants and the preparations by
the
traditional practitioner are showing effective for animal venom
poisoning
methods as indicated by pharmacological action, taste of ingredients,
that are
using by the practitioner and also cured patients’ statistics
in various
poisonous bite. Studies like this may through new light to standardize
the
traditional toxicology practice.
Key
words: Nanjiyal, Akathiyarkulambu,
Neelakandamathirai, Thalankai ennai
Introduction
Traditional
medicine is an inexpensive, not expose to danger and culturally
accepted
medical system. Because of that, the World Health Organization (WHO)
was
suggested to practice traditional medicine in worldwide (1).
At this
moment in time Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani
and Deshiya sikitsai (Srilankan
Traditional medicine) are practicing in Srilanka (2).
Siddha system of medicine is Unique
to
Tamilnadu and northern and eastern part of Srilanka. For several
centuries, in
Tamil’s populated in rural areas traditional healing
practices happening. It
relies substantially on plant, herbal based medicines (3).
Nanjiyal (Toxicology) in Siddha
system
were made
up of two types poisons. They
are plant, metal and mineral toxins and animal’s venoms.
Venom having animals
are insects, scorpions, snakes, worms, rat and bees etc. The ancient
people
life was associated with jungle. To a greater extend of human being
were touched
by an animals and insects in their routine (4).
In past centuries siddha toxicology
was well established in Jaffna peninsula. Nowadays this tradition was
diminishing by poor skills and practices. Traditional healing, however,
may
have serious consequences in terms of delays or added complications. Nowadays
most affected patients access formal medical care, few patients only
use
traditional healers. The reasons for using traditional practitioners
include
difficulties with transportation, cost, inadequacy of ant venom in the
formal
health sector, and trust in traditional healing within the context of
longstanding tradition (5).
History
of toxicology in traditional medicine.
Thevarsand Asuraswere try to get amirtham, unfortunatelyit
processes produced visam. It is more different in character and shape. It
was
looks very bright and golden colour. The poison has shown
it’s like a fire in
eyes. After that, Barman destroyed them. Finally, the visam
associated in to some plants and animals. Three branches in Visakadi vaithiyam (Toxicology) are Nidanam,
Manthra and Sikitsai
(6), (7).
Traditional
toxicology knowledge is orally-transmitted, or transmitted through
imitation
and demonstration. The consequence is that writing it down changes some
of its
fundamental properties. Traditional knowledge is local. It is rooted to
a
particular place and set of experiences, and generated by people living
in
those places. The result of this is that transferring the traditional
toxicology practiceto other places runs the risk of dis-locating it.
characteristically shared to a much greater degree than other forms of
traditional
toxicology practiceknowledge. Therefore, it is sometimes called
`people’s
science’. Specialists may exist by virtue of experience with
traditional
toxicology practice(8). Now rarely few number of traditional practitioners
still
practicing in Siddha toxicology in
Northern
and Eastern part of Srilanka. Dr.
Mrs.Krishnamoorththi Thavamanidevi is a
traditional practitioner ,4th generation,
S.L.A.M.C Reg. No7111 (Visesa vaiththiyam).
She has been running her own clinic Velmurugan
Siddha Ayurveda hospital in Valanthalai junction,
Kaarainagar and another
in Vaddukoddai. She is treating average 7 to 10 patients per a day who
are
affected by animal venom.
Assess
the favorable
resultthrough traditional toxicology practice.
This is a cross sectional study.
This study was conducted from
28th
of September to 28th of December 2017 at Velmurugan
siddha ayurvedic Hospital,
Valanthalai junction, Kaarainagar and the permission was taken to
conduct the
above study from Dr.K. Thavamanidevi, who was the in-charge of
Velmurugan
siddha ayurvedic Hospital. Data were collected from the practitioner
orally and
got information from the records which were maintained by the
traditional
practitioner.
1. Akaththiyar Kulambu - Internal and external use
2. Neelakandan maaththirai –Internal use
3. Thaalangaai ennai - External use
Collection of prepared medicines which were used to treat the poisonous bite in traditional practice are Akaththiyar Kulambu, Neelakandan maaththirai and Thaalangaai ennai. Dosage ofAkaththiyar Kulambuwere varies from green gram size to coffee seed size. Should be taken in early morning empty stomach with rice water (Washed the red rice 2 time and get 2nd water). Salt, sour and oil should be avoided in this period. Use as an external application on affected area. Neelakandan maaththirai as an internal medicine.1-2 mathhirai with various anupanam, itwas decided by the practitioner. Thaalangaai ennai was used as an external application on affected area.
Herbs that were using in various poisonous bite as follows. Polygala elongateleave, Bryonia callosaleave, Aristolochia indicaroot, Polygala elongateleave and Musa paradisiacalstem were using internally for the snake bite. Bryonia callosa leave, Pavetta indica leave, Zingiber officinale rhizomes, Ocimum sanctum leaves, Gymnema sylvestre root, Pongamia pinata root, Aristolochia bracteolate whole plant andTrianthema decandra root were used for externally. Acalipha indicaleave,Daemia extensaleave, Indigofera tinctorialeave and root,Acalipha betulinaleave were using internally for the spiderpoison.Daemia extensaleaves and Pavetta indicaleaves were used for externally. Eclipta albawhole plant andIndigofera tinctorialeave were using in scorpion poisoning.Adenama hyssopifolialeaves andOcimum sanctumleaveswere used as an external purpose.Bambusa aurindinacialeave, Alangium salvifolium bark, Clitoria ternatearoot, Berberis aristataroot, Curcuma domesticarhizome andAcarus calamuswhole plant were using in rat scratch. Indigofera tinctoriaroot used in externally. Aristolochia bracteolateroot, Acalipha betulinaleaveOcimum sanctumleaves, Piper nigramseeds andIndigofera tinctoriaroot were using internally for the unknown bite.Acalipha indicaleaves, Curcuma domesticarhizome and Tamarindus indicusfruit were used as an external purpose.
Village
people were commonly affected by animal venom. All aged people without
any
differences were affected by the different poisonous animals. Among the
period
of study 145 patients came to get treatment for different poisonous
bite.
According
to the study Akaththiyar kulambu,
Neelakandan maththirai and Thalankaai ennaiwere plays a
major role in
treating Visakadi vaithiyam.
Practitioner commence the
treatment
with Akaththiyar
kulambu.
Whengiven Neelakandan
maththirai, giving different plants extracts for
different poisonous bite as a vehicle. practitioner was applying the Thalankaai ennai at the site of bite
then was fomented with steamed Vitex negundo(Nochchi) Pottani.
Finally apply the
various paste like aksthiyar
kulambu on the
site
of bite.
Out
of 145 patients of both sex 1.37% of male and 0.68% female were
affected by the
Snake bite , 14.48% of male and 11.72% of female were affected spider
stringe ,13.1%
of male and 17.24% of female were affected scorpion bite, 4.82% of male
and 6.89%
female were affected by rat scratch and 13.79% of male 15.86% of female
were
affected by rat scratch and 13.79% of male and 15.86% female were
affected by
unknown bite.
In
poisonous bite ,sucess of treatments
were evaluvated by using the characters of herbs in the treatment,
according to
the Murukesa mudaliyar and Gunapadam mooligai iyal part -1. If we see
the taste
and therapeutic action of the medicinal plants which were used as
Vehicle , 57%
was having bitter taste and 13.04 % was having antidode action.
Taste
of the plants using in animal venom
as
follows, 57% of bitter taste 19% of astringent taste , 24% of pungent
taste and
actions of plants as follows 8.69% of astringent and stimulant
action.13,04% of
antidode action , 10.1% of antiseptic action , 5.79% of expectorent ,
purgative
,antispasmodic and antiperiodic action , 7.24% of alterative Stomachic,
Tonic, analgesic
and carminative actions.
Contributions of Traditional practitioner Dr. Thavamanidevi , Velmurugan Siddha Ayurveda hospital is sincerely acknowledged for providing valuable knowledge and facility to carry out the work.
References1.
Chaudhury
RR, Herbal medicine for human health. World Health Organization Geneva,
New
Delhi: CBS publishers and distributors
LTD, 1999.
2.
Kamal Perera, Current scenario of herbal
medicine
in Sri Lanka (PDF Download Available)Availablefrom:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224771841_Current_scenario_of_herbal_medicine_in_Sri_Lanka,
2017.
3.
Anadhan
A R Et al. Special medicines in siddha, Department
of Indian medicine and Homoeopathy, Chennai 600106, 2009.
4.
Subhalakshmi
A, Thiruthani M. Centipede bite and its management – Over
view in Siddha
system, international journal of current research in
chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences, ISSN: 2348-5213:
DOI:10.22192/ijcrcps
Coden: IJCROO(USA) Volume 4, Issue 6, 2017.
5.
Sivasanmugaraja, S. IrupathaamNootrandilElaththilSiddhamaruththuvam,
SiddhamaruththuvavalarchiKalakam,
Kantharodai, Chunnakam,2000.
6.
Velummajilum S.S, Visakadi
Vaiththiya MuraikalumMoolikai
maruththuvankalum, Araththamil
Gnanam Vinaayakar tharma nithiyam, 1995.
7.
Munisamy
Mudaliyar. Visa vaiththiya sinthamani, The
progressive printers, South indian book depot, 1931
8.
Senanayake
S.G.J.N, Indigenous knowledge as a key to sustainable development.