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Therapeutic review of Haritaki, a short
review based on Ayurveda perspective
*Sundar
rino1, Anandam. S1
M. Pharm Scholars, RRK Society College of Pharmacy, Bidar, Karnataka , Corresponding author: sundarpharm88@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Corresponding author Sundar
rino1 M. Pharm Scholars, RRK Society
College of Pharmacy, Bidar, Karnataka , Corresponding author: sundarpharm88@gmail.com
Terminalia chebula Retz (Combretaceae)
is a medicinal plant widely distributed throughout India, Buma, and
Srilanka. Many Indian plants have been used from time immemorial to treat
various diseases and infections in traditional medicinal systems. This plant
commonly used in traditional systems of medicinal in India sub-constituent. Terminalia
chebula is called as ‘King of medicine’ in Tibet and is always listed at
the top of the list in Ayurvedic material medica due to its extraordinary power
of healing. This review attempts to summarize the various pharmacological and
biochemical studies on Terminalia chebula which gives a wide knowledge
about the herb and their importance in personal health care and hygiene.
Keywords: Terminalia chebula, tri-terpinoids, anti-cancer activity,
carcinogenic
INTRODUCTION
Herbal
system of medicines has been the oldest method of treatment since ancient times
because of its rich diversity and fewer side effects. In addition, immense
improvements have been observed in modern systems of medicine, but herbal
drugs
offer a rich source for health care to prevent the patients amongst different
pathological states. [3,4] Terminalia chebula, commonly known as Harad
related to family combretaceae, is a deciduous tree growing to 30 m tall, with
a trunk up to 1 m diameter. The leaves are alternate to subopposite in
arrangement, oval, 7-18 cm long and 4.5-10 cm broad with a 1-3 cm petiole. The
fruit is drupe-like, 2-4.5 cm long and 1.2-2.5 cm broad, blackish, with five
longitudinal ridges. Terminalia chebula native to southern Asia from
India and Nepal east to southwestern China (Yunnan), and south to Sri Lanka,
Malaysia and Vietnam.In central India, where trees are leafless for short
period between April and August and fruiting from November to February; while
in Karnataka, flowering and fruiting occurs from January to September.
Moreover, various pleiotropic effects such as antioxidant, antidiabetic,
renoprotective, hepatoprotective, antianaphylactic, immunomodulator and
prokinetic have been found to be associated with the plant. The review outlines
the various phytochemical constituents exhibited by the plant extracts. In
addition, the pleiotropic pharmacological and therapeutic effects of the plant
have been critically discussed(1).
Scientific Classification.
Its
classification is Kingdom:Plantae,
Division: Magnoliophyta,
Class:
Magnoliopsida,
Order:
Myrtales,
Family:
Combretaceae,
Genus:
Terminalia, and
Species: Chebula.
Phytochemical
Compositions of T. chebula
Hydrolysable
Tannins. Tannins, as a
part of the phenolic compounds,
are oligomeric and havemultiple structural units with free phenolic groups and their molecular weight ranges from 500 to 3000D.The fruit pulp and
dried pericarp of the
seeds
contain the highest amount of tannins. Tannins consist of hydrolysable and
nonhydrolysable tannins and hydrolysable tannins (i.e., gallotannins and
ellagitannins) are
the
main compounds in T. chebula.
Gallotannins and ellagitannins are polymers found in the fruits of T. chebula. Gallotannins contain
gallic acid that has esterified and bonded with the hydroxyl group of a polyol
carbohydrate such as glucose. Ellagitannins are formed when oxidative linkage
occurs in the galloyl groups in 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose. Ellagitannins
differ from gallotannins in that their galloyl groups are linked through C–C
bonds, whereas the galloyl groups in gallotannins are linked by depside bonds.
Chebulagic acid, a benzopyran tannin, is widely distributed in several plant
families: the Combretaceae Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Anacardiaceae, and
Fabaceae. Also, in the Combretaceae Family, chebulagic acid is
the
main constitute of the fruits T.
bellerica, T. chebula, and
Emblica officinalis. Chebulinic acid, also known as 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-2,4-
chebuloyl-𝛽-D-glucopyranoside, is an ellagitannin
found in the fruits of T. chebula or
in the leaves of T. macroptera (2).
Ethnobotanical
uses
The fruit is mild laxative, stomachic, tonic,
alterative, antispasmodic. It is useful in opthalmia, hemorrhoids, dental
caries, bleeding gums, ulcered oral cavity. Its paste withwater is found to be
anti-inflammatory, analgesic and havingpurifying and healing capacity for
wounds. Its decoction is used as gargle in oral ulcers, sore throat. Its powder
is a good astringent dentifrice in loose gums, bleeding and ulceration in gums.
It is good to increase appetite, digestive aid, liver
stimulant, stomachic, gastrointestinal
prokinetic agent, and mild laxative. The powder of T.
chebula fruits
has been usedin chronic diarrhea. It is used in nervous weakness, nervous
irritability. It promotes the receiving power of
five senses. It is adjuvant in hemorrhages due to its astringent nature and
good for chronic cough, chorizo, sore throat as well as asthma. Also it is
useful in renal calculi, dysurea, retention of urine and skin disorders with
discharges like allergies, urticaria and other erythematous disorders(3).
Analytical
studies related to Terminalia Chebula
Several
analytical studies have been reported the methods of detection and isolation of
markers of TC. A high performance liquid chromatography method coupled with
diode array detection was developed by Anil Mahajan et al. to determine simultaneously seven different marker from Terminalia chebula with excellent
resolution, precision and recovery. These
markers are gallic acid, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, ellagic acid,
chebulagic acid , chebulinic acid, penta-O
galloyl-β-Dglucose.
Another studies have reported isolation of fourteen hydrolyzable tannins from
TC . Further Lih-Jeng Juang, Shuenn-Jyi Sheu et al. by optimizing the pH values, buffer composition and
buffer concentration of the eluent or carrier, the tannins andrelated compounds
successfully determined from T.chebula by HPLC within 80 min and by MEKC within
40 min. Isolation of 2,4-chebulyl-β-D-glucopyranose a new natural product
having anticancer activity by
chromatographic
fractionation of the extract of TC has been reported Besides a new triterpene,
2α-hydroxymicromeric acid and two known compounds, maslinic acid and
2α-hydroxyursolic acid have been isolated from Terminalia chebula leaves(4).
Experimental activity:
Antioxidant
activity
TC
is a potent and cheap natural source of antioxidant. Many reports have
confirmed the antioxidant activity of TC which have been complied as follows.In
an experimental study 6 extracts and 4 pure compounds of T. chebula demonstrated
antioxidant activity at different magnitudes of potency. The antioxidant
activity of them was noted from different pathways and was suggested to be
specific in some term. In another experiment t-BHP was employed to
induce acute oxidative stress in rat hepatocytes & in Vitro. Two distinctive
pathways are involved in the metabolism of t-BHP in hepatocytes. The
first employs the initiation of lipid peroxidation while the second results in
NADPH oxidation. The in vitro experiment showed that TC extract could
quench DPPH free radicals and reflected in increased cell viability in rat
hepatocytes exhibiting antioxidative property. The significant effectiveness of
pretreatment and subsequent removal of the TC extract prior to t-BHP
treatment indicated that TC exerted its protective activity intracellularly,
rather than extracellularly by reacting with t-BHP in the culture
medium. Further the phenolics of TC prevent nickel chloride-induced oxidative
stress by decreasing LPO restoring the activity of glutathione- S-transferase
glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase (5) .
CONCLUSION
From
the survey it was found that, Terminalia Chebula has a strong effect
against the wound healing, has antibacterial activity, and exhibits strong
cardio protective. Terminalia Chebula also has antioxidant components,
which indicates it can increase the life of tissues. Further few studies shows
the anti-tumor activity of Terminalia Chebula and another study
shows that it has considerable effect in inhibiting the HIV virus which
ultimately results in AIDS. There is a substantial evidences found that, it can
be used as Gastrointestinal motility agent, Anti-aging
substance.
It also posses properties like Antilithiatic activity, Hypolipidemic activity,
Radio protecting Ability, Antifungal activity and etc. The chemical
constituents of Terminalia Chebula like chebulinic acid, Tannin, Galic
acid and ascorbic acids are the key factor for the efficient action of the
species. However, there are some problems apparently associated with the
uncontrolled use of "natural" products and traditional herbal
medicines13. It needs to be
mentioned
here that most serious side effects originates from overuse or misuse of such
medicines. To know further about a biological and pharmacological action of
different part of Terminalia Chebula, it is advised to refer the
individual research article. We hope the article will be of immense use to the
researchers and students who working on medicinal properties of Terminalia
Chebula and result in increased interest in this medicinal herb.
REFERENCES:
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